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Catatonic Schizophrenia Case Study

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Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder in which an individual perceives reality abnormally. The disorder is characterized mainly by hallucinations, delusions and extreme disordered thoughts and behaviour. An individual withdraws from reality and social relationships and has a sense of mental fragmentation. The purpose of this essay is to describe and discuss the biomedical dimensions in the aetiology – manner of causation - of Schizophrenia. This will be provided by briefly outlining an understanding of the disorder, describing and discussing the brain structures implicated in the disorder and how these lead to symptoms, as well as discussing the neurochemistry, of the brain, as a possible causative factor in Schizophrenia and finally, …show more content…

Paranoid Schizophrenia is diagnosed when an individual shows symptoms dominated by paranoia – thought processes influenced by fear and anxiety – and paranoid delusions. Catatonic Schizophrenia is when an individual shows symptoms of psychomotor abnormalities, they either have manic episodes, show no movement, or hold abnormal postures for long periods of time. When an individual’s symptoms are dominated with disorganized, illogical speech and flat behaviour, hebephrenic or disorganized Schizophrenia is diagnosed (Carr, 2003). Undifferentiated Schizophrenia is diagnosed when an individual’s symptoms do not corroborate with the previous three types (Carr, 2003). It is fairly difficult to diagnose Schizophrenia as the symptoms can also be associated with other disorders, such as mood disorders and personality disorders (Carr, …show more content…

With regards to neurochemistry both drug categories target the neurotransmitter Dopamine, specifically the dopamine receptor D2 by blocking the receptor and decreasing the concentration levels of dopamine within the brain (Andreasen et al, 2011). Typical antipsychotics use this receptor blockage as their only method of symptom suppression, which improves positive symptoms. However, this method of symptom suppression has the adverse effect of blocking all D2 receptors within the body, which leads to symptoms such as tremors and muscle spasms, as well as worsening of the negative symptoms associated with the disorder. Atypical antipsychotics have made improvements in this aspect of treatment by not only blocking the D2 dopamine receptors but a subtype of serotonin receptors as well. This treatment approach improves both the positive and negative symptoms (Andreasen et al,

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Transmitters for dopamine are over stimulated and because of this, the symptoms of schizophrenia are increased. Drugs such as amphetamines that activate dopamine are proven to worsen some patients with schizophrenia. Due to the fact that certain drugs that increase dopamine cause more symptoms, shows how there is a connection between dopamine and schizophrenia. Furthermore, drugs that block dopamine are shown to help patients with schizophrenia. The other thought with the dopamine hypothesis is that there is another dopamine receptor could be causing it which is dopamine D2.

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The individual that influenced by psychotic disorders or known as schizophrenia loss contact with the reality, and at the same time losing their own identity entire life. Schizophrenia or psychotic disorder is a mental illness that significant impairment the patient’s ability to a real contact with the reality. These symptoms include hallucinations and delusions which is a sign of loss contact within a reality. The person who has psychotic disorder typically cannot control their actions and thoughts. The following psychotic symptoms are occur in schizophrenia,

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Schizophrenia may change how you think, feel, and behave. The patient may not be able to know what is real and what is not real. Also, thoughts may not be clear, or may jump from one topic to another.” Symptoms include confusion, delusions, hallucinations, and feeling mentally lost. When a doctor

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After numerous decades of research and studies, the medical community has a broader and more in-depth understanding of the psychology behind this complex illness resulting in thousands of lives being saved. Researchers have been able to identify the behaviors and triggers associated with schizophrenia, providing accurate diagnosis’ and treatments of the individual. Nancy C. Andreasen summarizes that schizophrenia “…is characterized by symptoms that reflect multiple mental processes: hallucination or abnormality in perception; delusion, or abnormality in inferential thinking; disorganized speech, or abnormalities in language; absence of normal behaviors, or disorganized behavior” (Andreasen, 107). This discovery allows physicians to fully understand what the ill are experiencing and giving them the ability treat the sick. In contrast to the Middle Age modern society is more educated on the subject of

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Doctors must also rule out drug and alcohol use by running test and may have to do imaging scan of the brain by MRI or CT scan. An evaluation of schizophrenia is come to through an assessment of particular signs and indications, as depicted in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). According to Doble, the DSM-5 expresses that the criteria for schizophrenia must have two or more of the dynamic stage side effects, each going on for a huge bit of no less than a one-month time span: daydreams, mind flights, disrupted discourse, horribly scattered or mental conduct, and negative symptoms. At slightest one of the qualifying manifestations must be fancies, pipedreams, or confused speech

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Works Cited Burton, Neel, M.D. "A Brief History of Schizophrenia. " Psychology Today. N.p.,

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Many years before any acute episodes are experienced, the negative symptoms are likely to be present. These symptoms are very subtle and can be hard to distinguish as schizophrenia. The negative symptoms are often likened to those of depression, with a lack of motivation and being unsociable common examples. It is not uncommon for people with schizophrenia to suffer from cognitive impairment in addition to these behavioural changes, with concentration an issue for many (Mueser and McGurk, 2004). In conclusion, despite large amounts of research concerning the disorder, both diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia still proves costly.

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What is Schizophrenia? By: Zyree Johnson Definition of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mental fragmentation. (https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/index.shtml) A. What happens to the body?

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Different Types • Paranoid schizophrenia – It is when a person feels extremely suspicious or may be persecuted, or a combination of these emotions. • Disorganized schizophrenia – It is when a person is often unclear and confused in speech and thought, but may not have delusions. • Catatonic schizophrenia -- a person is withdrawn, may have very unusual body positions.

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Generally speaking, psychosis disorders can’t become neurosis disorders, but neurosis disorders have the potential to become psychosis disorders if left untreated or neglected. It is widely believed that people who suffer from psychosis disorders depend on prescribed medications to reduce or control their symptoms due to the overwhelming nature of the disease. This therapy or treatment is usually called somatic therapy and will be discussed later on in the paper. However, despite several neurosis disorders more commonly incorporated drugs in their treatments, depending on the psychiatrists’ diagnoses, some believe that therapies without drugs may be enough to treat the

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1.1 Schizophrenia - Introduction Schizophrenia patients believe that the environment can Hear their thoughts (= "thought echo"), they are often clueless and very insecure. Many try to avoid the contact with others (= withdrawal), while others withdraw themselves so much that they remain completely motionless (= rigidity), or they could be trying to find an explanation for all the things that they experience (= Declaration mania), and then believe, that they are ruled by supernatural forces, aliens or were chosen by God to save the world (= delusions). Many schizophrenics suffer from hallucinations, hear voices that insult, threaten them and tell them what to do. They see the world in a different context than "normal" people.

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Machines during World War II In today’s society we would have never guessed in our lives that computers were used during the war. Computers back then during the war were a whole lot different from ours today. During the war, some people would use these massive computers to help contact soldiers that are fighting and also to help call out for back up. These computers have upgraded and changed drastically.

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In 1910 the Swiss psychiatrist Paul Eugen Bleuler introduced the term schizophrenia. The word derived from the Greek words 'schizo' (split) and 'phren' (mind) put together. Schizophrenia is a chronic brain disorder that is very uncommon amongst the world and directly affects 1.2% of the US population. There are many symptoms of schizophrenia including denying reality (delusions), seeing, smelling, touching or tasting something that doesn't exist outside of the mind (hallucinations), rapid shifting of topics and slurred speech that does not make since (disorganized speech), as well as disorganized or catatonic behavior. The precise cause of schizophrenia is unknown, however there certain factors and aspects tied to a person that many trigger schizophrenia.

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Lack of emotional response and poor personal hygiene are also present in this sub-type and shows early onset between ages fifteen and twenty-five. Unfortunately, prognosis disorganized schizophrenia is quite weak compared to the other subtypes. • Catatonic Schizophrenia shows symptoms of movement and motor disturbances, as well as catatonia. When diagnosing this type, it is important it is not confused with disorganize-type and rule out other conditions that may mimic, such as tardive dyskinesia neuroleptic malignant syndrome. • Undifferentiated schizophrenia is diagnosed when one only shows general symptoms of the illness but does not meet diagnostic benchmarks of other subtypes.

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Literature review Symptom types of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is generally divided according to symptom types. The symptoms of schizophrenia have been divided into three specific complexes (i.e., positive symptoms, negative symptoms and cognitive deficits; Buchanan, 2007), while others use a dichotomous model, such as type I and type II Schizophrenia (Crow, 1980) that roughly corresponds to positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia (Andreasen, 1982). Positive symptoms were characterized over the past 150 years by active excesses in normal functioning; while negative symptoms of schizophrenia are characterized by a loss of normal functioning (Berrios, 1985; Rector, Beck & Stolar, 2005). Hence, while there are different symptom types, all typologies and dimensional models acknowledge negative symptoms. Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are thought to be a marker of dysfunction and cognitive impairments (Rabinowtiz et al., 2012).

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