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Kreb Cycle Lab Report

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CITRIC ACID CYCLE / KREB CYCLE: DEFINITION: Regarding the reaction of living body, which provides energy for acetic acid or acetyl equivalent ozone-based phosphate bonds (such as ATP) for storage - it is also called the citric acid cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle. PRINCIPLE: The citric acid cycle also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), the Krebs cycle, or it is a series of enzyme catalyzed chemical reactions, which has central importance in all living cells that use oxygen. In eukaryotic cells, matrix of the mitochondria contain the citric acid cycle present in then. In aerobic organisms,a metabolic pathway involved the conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water so that it generate a form of …show more content…

The first reaction is catalyzed by citrate synthase enzyme. Once the oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA are joined, the water molecule attack at acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A and release the coenzyme A from complex of oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA to formed citrate. Citrate synthase:(enzyme) The enzyme citrate synthase is present in nearly all living cells and act as a pace-making enzyme in the citric acid cycle’s first step. Citrate synthase is present in eukaryotes but is is made up of nuclear DNA instead of mitochondrial. Oxaloacetate is regenerated after the completion of one kreb cycle. REACTION 2: Formation of Isocitrate: The next reaction of the Kreb cycle is catalysed by acontinase enzyme. In this reaction overall two H2O molecules are generated one water molecule is removed and other water molecule is put added into another location. The overall effect of this reaction is that the shuffling of -OH group from position 3 to 4. The yield that get is isocitrate

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Mutations of the three amino acid residues, His 320, Asp 375, and His 274, can cause the absence of polarization of the oxaloacetate during the Krebs Cycle. The citryl-coA is hydrolyzed slower than normal and the catalytic ability is greatly deteriorated. In another experiment, citrate synthase enzyme was analyzed and experimented with to determine if it had any linkage to Warburg effect to tumor malignancy. It was concluded that reducing the citrate synthase expression does indeed correlate with alterations in cellular bioenergetics. In cancer cells the citrate synthase expression was lower than a normal cell and it was determined that the expression also correlated with the change of cellular bioenergetics from aerobic respiration to glycolysis (Lin et al., 2012).

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Alexandra Fowler Due: 10/25/2015 Metabolism Exam Answer the following questions as completely and concisely as possible. Some answers may be a single word, but for more detailed responses, keep you answer to 3 sentences or less. What is the electron donor of an organism growing chemorganotrophically? The electron donor of an organism growing chemorganotrophically is an organic compound such as glucose, acetate, etc.

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The products are released from the enzyme surface to regenerate the enzyme for another reaction cycle. The active site has a unique geometric shape that is complementary to the shape of a substrate molecule, similar to the fit of puzzle pieces.

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In this lab, the objective was to examine the effect of an SN2 reaction using a phase transfer catalyst in dichloromethane. We isolated the product of the phase transfer reaction by using liquid chromatography and then prepared TLC plates to see which of the five vials collected contained the isolated product and an IR spectrum was then obtained. The reaction in this lab was an example of an SN2 reaction. SN2 is a nucleophilic substitution reaction where one bond is broken and one bond is formed in one step.

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Many organisms use energy to perform their cellular functions. That energy comes from the energy that is stored in food then converted to adenosine triphosphate or ATP. ATP can be obtained with or without oxygen, aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide (CO2) as a by-product while anaerobic respiration produces Ethanol (C2H6O) or Lactic acid (C3H6O3). In aerobic respiration the “CO2 produced during cellular respiration can combine with water to produce carbonic acid.”

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Introduction Chemical reactions are seen in many instances, including those in which one substance is being converted to another. Natural chemical reactions will occur without intervention, however they occur slowly. Enzymes become important in these situations. Enzymes are proteins that act in cells to ensure reactions occur at appropriate speeds. In other words, they act as catalysts.

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I would choose pyruvate because according to ergo-log. Com the form of pyruvate results in more power than citrate. Pyruvate is released in large quantities in the body when cells cut glucose molecules in two during energy burning processes. Citric acid is released during the citric acid cycle, part of the processes whereby the body converts food into energy.

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The stomata are the most critical piece to this process, as this is where CO2 enters and can be stored, and where water and O2 exit. Cellular respiration also known as oxidative metabolism is important to convert biochemical energy from nutrients in the cells of living organisms to useful energy known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Without cellular respiration living organisms would not be able to sustain life. This process is done by cells exchanging gases within its surroundings to create adenosine triphosphate commonly known as ADT, which is used by the cells as a source of energy. This process is done through numerous reactions; an example is metabolic pathway.

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Science has been a big part of my life since the early stages of my youth. My mother taught biology at the local community college, and therefore enriched me with scientific knowledge on a daily basis. Instead of singing me classic nursery rhymes such as “Jack and Jill” and “Mary Had a Little Lamb”, she sang “Waltz Around the Cycle”: a song about the Krebs cycle. At the age of five, I could not comprehend every word of the song, for it contained advanced terminology such as “pyruvate” and “acetyl coenzyme A”. However, I understood the Krebs cycle was part of the body’s process of making energy, and all those big words were things that worked together in order for the body to function.

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Glycolysis and the TCA cycle can be integrated when pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA, which enters the TCA cycle. Under hypoxic conditions, cells can produce ATP solely by the breakdown of glucose via glycolysis, pyruvate being diverted primarily toward lactate rather than acetyl-CoA. In some cases, cells preferentially use glycolysis for ATP generation, even when oxygen isn’t limiting—a process known as aerobic glycolysis or Warburg metabolism.

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Then, tests are performed to determine if the products of aerobic and anaerobic respiration are present in the flasks. The citric acid cycle consists of a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of ATP (Biology). The tests detect the presence of carbon dioxide and ethanol. Carbon dioxide should be present irrespective of the type of respiration taking place, but ethanol is present only if fermentation has occurred. Another factor that can indicate whether fermentation occurred or cellular respiration occurred is the amount of glucose utilized during incubation.

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It is never used up in the chemical reaction, however it is recycled and used over and over again. Description Metabolic pathways are controlled by the presence or absence of particular enzymes in the metabolic pathway and also through the regulation of the rate of reaction of key enzymes within the pathway [1]. Each enzyme required for a step in metabolic pathway is a central point of control of the overall metabolic pathway. Without the specific enzyme to catalyze a reaction, the metabolism would be too slow to support life and the pathway cannot be completed [2].

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When oxygen is involved, glycolysis is the beginning step of the process known as, aerobic cellular respiration. When oxygen is not involved, cells are only allowed to produce small quantities of ATP, this process is called anaerobic

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The following reactions occur in the cytosol. This is a pathway

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Throughout the urea cycle, the amino acid, arginine, is changes into ornithine- this is another amino acid when hydrated, that is when water was added. During this reaction, urea is the product formed (Nelson and Cox 2008). Figure 1 shows the urea cycle, occurs specifically in the mitochondria and cytosol in the liver. (Nelson and M.Cox 2008). Urea is made in the liver by means of enzymes in the urea cycle.

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