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Citric Acid Cycle Research Paper

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The Citric Acid Cycle/ Kerbs Cycle/ TCA The Citric acid cycle is important as anaerobic glycolysis can only harvest a fraction of the energy from glucose. In the citric acid cycle there is aerobic respiration of pyruvate from step ten in glycolysis to C02 and H2O. This oxidation of pyruvate can greater a higher yield of ATP. The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondria where ten ATP is produced. The main purpose of the citric acid cycle is to harvest electrons from the citric acid cycle and produce reduced compounds, then these reduced compounds are transported to the electron transport system and be used in the manufacturing of ATP. A unique feature of the citric acid cycle is that it is a common place where the macronutrients, carbohydrates, …show more content…

Therefore pyruvate must be oxidised to yield Acetyl-CoA and CO2 which is carried out by pyruvate dehydrogenase (PHD). This is a complex structure that consist of a cluster of enzymes found in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. This reaction is called the oxidative decarboxylation. It is an irreversible oxidative process. Here the carboxyl group is removed from the pyruvate as a molecule of C02 and the remaining two carbons are used to become the acetyl group in the Acetyl-CoA. Therefore pyruvate C3 is converted to acetate c2. In this reaction Coenzyme A is needed. NADH is also created in this reaction. The NADH gives a hydride ion to the respiratory chain. …show more content…

This reaction uses the enzyme aconitase. This is a reversible reaction. Iso- citrate is formed through the intermediate formation of cis-aconitate. Aconitase is an iron sulphur enzyme. In step three iso-citrate is oxidised to α-ketoglutarate and also CO2 is released. The enzyme which catalysis this reaction is iso- citrate dehydrogenase. It catalyses the oxidative decarboxylation of iso- citrate to create α-ketoglutarate. In this reaction a six carbon sugar is reduced to a five carbon sugar. In step four α-ketoglutarate is oxidised to Succlnyl-CoA. It is oxidation decarboxylation step. It is catalysed by the enzyme α- Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. This reaction is identical to the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction. A five carbon sugar is reduced to a four carbon sugar. In step five Succlnyl-CoA is converted into Succinate. There is a strong negative standard of free energy from the hydrolysis. In the next step the energy that is released in breaking this bond is used to drive the synthesis of phosphoanhydrice used to create GTP nad ATP. Succinate is created in this process. It is a reversible reaction catalysed by Succlnyl-CoA synthetase. In steps six to eight is all about the regenerating of

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During this experiment, mitochondria were isolated from 20.2 grams of cauliflower using extraction buffer, filtration through Miracloth, and centrifusion. Twelve samples containing various volumes of mitochondrial suspension, assay buffer, DCIP, sodium azide, and citric acid cycle intermediates were prepared to be read by a spectrophotometer. The inclusion of the dye DCIP allowed for the absorbance of the reactions between the mitochondrial suspension and the TCA cycle intermediates succinate, malonate, and oxalate to be measured, as DCIP turns from blue to colorless as the activity of succinate dehydrogenase increases. Experimental Findings Increasing the number of mitochondria in the reaction did increase the reduction of DCIP relative to the amount of mitochondrial suspension present.

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When it was omitted from tube 7, the reaction slowed substantially. This indicated that substrate concentration and enzyme catalyzation are directly proportional, meaning that without the succinate there is no binding to the active site and thus no catalyzation of fumarate. But a small reaction with a velocity of -0.0068 (abs/min) still occurred, due to there being small traces of succinate present in mitochondria. This is significant because it shows that mitochondria may store, or at least hold some, succinate for use in the electron transport chain, but not enough to drive a strong or indefinitely long reaction. Based on all of the data collected, it is evident that as the concentration of succinate dehydrogenase is increased within a cell, the rate of the reaction where succinate is oxidized to fumarate increases (up to a point where enzyme conc.

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The process described in this chapter is called cellular respiration because it involves cells using O2 and releasing CO2, just like how animals breathe to survive. My answer might indicate that scientists already knew about respiration in animals, meaning they knew animals take in O2 and expel CO2 in breathing, when they first observed cellular respiration. Since all steps of cellular respiration are closely connected, there would be a lot of problems if glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, or the electron transport chain were not working. Glycolysis involves a six-carbon glucose molecule splitting into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules and results in energy being harvested into NADH and ATP.

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After, finding so much information on my topic I was well prepared to present what I learned to my peers. However, due to extensive scientific vocabulary, I saw myself reading from the slides for proper pronunciation of the enzyme that are involved in my pathway. Overall, my analyzes and description for my pathway were very thorough and accurate because my presentation contains all the required criteria. One aspect of my presentation that was especially successful was my explanation of the transportation process of Acetyl CoA from mitochondria to cytosol, and why it is so important. Another aspect of a successful presentation was my reasoning of why NADPH+ oxidized to NADP+ in second step reduction because NADPH is present in the cytosol while NADH is present in the

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Thus, some of the citric acid cycle are intermediates for other important reactions like the biosynthesis of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids. Due to the many functions of the citric acid cycle is also considered to be the "central hub of metabolism". This is because, as most of the absorbed nutrients, the fuel molecules are oxidized ultimately within the Krebs Cycle and its intermediates are used for various biosynthetic pathways. Figuratively, one can look at the citric acid cycle as a roundabout introduce, in which the nutrients (carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids) drive in and drive out again at the different locations for the synthesis of other

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Then, tests are performed to determine if the products of aerobic and anaerobic respiration are present in the flasks. The citric acid cycle consists of a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of ATP (Biology). The tests detect the presence of carbon dioxide and ethanol. Carbon dioxide should be present irrespective of the type of respiration taking place, but ethanol is present only if fermentation has occurred. Another factor that can indicate whether fermentation occurred or cellular respiration occurred is the amount of glucose utilized during incubation.

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