Co-Morbidities Cause Intractable Hiccups

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Hiccups. Co-morbidities such as nervous system lesions, diaphragmatic irritation, medistinal/thoracic lesions, esophageal or gastric lesions, and some medications may cause intractable hiccups (Tegeler & Baumrucker, 2008). It is not uncommon for terminally ill patients to develop persistent hiccups (lasting > 48 hours) or even intractable hiccups lasting over 1 month. Pharmacologic treatment is achieved with chlorpromazine, baclofen, or gabapentin (Tegler & Baumrucker, 2008). Chronic wounds. Patients with chronic diseases may develop non-healing, chronic wounds. At risk patients for wound injury include diseases and co-morbidities such as peripheral vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, Parkinson’s disease, dementia, and stroke (Ferris et

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