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Comparing De Grazia's The Papacy State And Mussolini

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Fascism encouraged women to enter motherhood and procreate as soon as possible; the pressure to do so was building. Marriages and baptisms were seen as highly valuable ceremonies during Mussolini’s reign and in the Catholic Church. Instead of having intimate, quiet ceremonies, dozens of marriages were held in the church at the same time. They wanted to celebrate the entrance into adulthood for these couples. Marriage was not solely a personal ceremony, but a civic duty as well. Due to women’s ability to procreate, they were seen as highly valuable members of society. Mussolini also sought to dispense loans and compensations for those who married and produced children (cite). For women to control what they wanted, they sought to control the position they had in their society. It was the only logical and secure route to take. In De Grazia’s …show more content…

However, once the Fascist leader realized how much power the institution held in Italy, he mended their relationship. Bringing them into his side proved to be very beneficial. It added a significant amount of support and added credibility to his regime. To officially signify their new relationship, they signed the Lateran Treaty. In this, the Papal State recognized Rome as the capital of Italy while, in return, Italy understood the Papacy had dominion over Vatican City (cite). While the document holds many other central details, I will focus on mainly on the idea pertaining to marriage. In article 34, the state accepted Catholic marriages as valid and subjected these marriages to the canon law provisions (Phillips, ). The major focus affecting women from this article to criminalize divorce. With this option unavailable, there remained no life outside of marriage. The regime even went so far by “lower[ing] the age of marriage for women from fifteen to fourteen and for men from eighteen to sixteen; the age of consent for the former dropped from twenty-five to

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The people of Italy and Mussolini himself wanted to boost Italy’s national prestige. Their prestige had been damaged during the first Italian-Ethiopian War when Italy became the first European country to lose to an African nation. Italy’s modernized military allowed for a swift victory. The win over Ethiopia allowed Mussolini to rebuild Italy with the natural resources that the country had available (Document 6). Benito Mussolini gained the support of many Italians from his encouraging and motivating

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His passions against tyranny and love of Italy fueled his many military exploits, and his warfare efforts freed northern Italy, as well as Sicily and Naples, from foreign rule. As the third critical component of Italy’s reunification, King Victor Emmanuel II was the monarch in power during the process as he reigned from 1861 to 1878. He was from the royal House of Savoy and allowed both Cavour and Garibaldi to receive great recognition during his reign, with Cavour’s political power even surpassing his own. King Umberto I reigned from 1878 to 1900. His successful military leadership in the war with Austria in 1866 earned him a good name among Italians even though public opinion was not in support of a monarchy.

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Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany were similar in that both were dictatorships. Both Mussolini and Hitler came to power through legal means and believed that people were divided into either inferior or superior races. For example, Hitler was obsessed with the Aryan race and called for the genocide of Jews during WWII. In addition, both Mussolini and Hitler favored the wealthy, believed that an individual was meaningless and must submit to the decisions of their leaders, and aimed at self-sufficiency so that each could survive entirely without international trade. Furthermore, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy “had aimed for prestige and power for their countries, and brought instead humiliation and destruction” (Tarr, R.,

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Ratti wanted power restored to the Pope, but Mussolini only wanted the support of the Church to legitimize his actions, not to return power to an institution that he detested. After Mussolini’s winning election in 1922, he started to perform these acts and the Pope took notice. Pius XI believed that Mussolini was the one man capable of righting the wrongs within the

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Mussolini attempted to rule Italy with a combination of love and fear, but was not successful. When he tried to show love to his people but the groups who were inspired by him showed fear to the nation. Mussolini was hated by the people but was able to gain their support after the fall of Italy. Italy also did not have a lot of natural resources for trade that meant the nation was poor. He went back on all his promises and allied himself with Adolf Hitler.

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Contrary to popular beliefs, the women of ancient Rome had more autonomy than believed. In fact, “Roman women of all classes had much greater personal freedom than women in other parts of the Mediterranean”. Unlike the Greek women, they had “private” rights such as the right to owning/selling a property in her own name, suing for a divorce and the right to make a will or be beneficiary in a will. Which, compared to women's rights today, this is hardly a dent. The women belonged to the “pater familias” (head of the household or father) and needed their permission to do business.

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It represented typical behavior that one finds in that period. In Johnathan W. Zophy’s text, “A Short History of Renaissance and Reformation Europe: Dances Over Fire and Ice”, he discusses at length the Italian Renaissance. For example, he writes, “the age started with females generally subordinated to males and restricted by law and custom” (Zophy 3). This way of live was set in in motion, women were to serve their husband and daughters listened to their fathers. At this point, it is fair to question the relationship between men and women.

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If all of the men are away at war, and the women are in factories...who would raise the children? Germany boasted a revamped educational system, and sports played a critical role in these children's lives. To further entice families, German families were offered financial stipends from the government in exchange for the birth of children...in short, the more kids you had, the more money you could make. This was a sharp contrast to the situation in Italy, as Nazi militants rejected the notions set forth regarding women's lack of physical strength or intellectual fortitude. The advancements women made in Nazi Germany are almost shocking, considering the male-centric ideology that is rooted in Fascism, and while this does not quite fit into the timeline we have set forth regarding the waves of feminism, one could argue that the rights advancements experienced by women during this time was a precursor to the second wave of

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Back in 16th century times no man could marry a woman without a blessing from the father of the women. Marriage ceremonies were often very public and went on for multiple days. For some men in the 16th century getting married was not always a positive thing. Much Ado About Nothing’s character Benedick goes as far as comparing marriage to being like a bull tied to a yoke and being restrained by marriage and your wife, he quotes “An thou wilt needs thrust thy neck into a yoke” (1.1.157). However, men aren't the only ones that have a negative approach to marriage, Beatrice is one of the few that actually see marriage in a negative way.

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The role of women as mothers became a marker of the fascist nation’s tenuous relationship with the conflicting values of expansion and nationalist

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Women of the Renaissance were looked at in mediocre ways to men Women of all ages were negated of political rights and were pondered strictly subjective to their husbands and must obey them under all measures. Women of today are more objective then they were in the past and they plea more from their lives and decide the way in which they want to live their life. The role of women has justifiably changed over issues that took place within the time of the Renaissance and till the 21st century. In this research paper I will argue that the powers and roles of women have changed because of the hundreds of protests that took place in order for women to get a political vote, the need for women in a workplace during the Second World War due to their

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It became acceptable for young, employed, and single women to have their own property and even be without a chaperone. However, Nazi rule implemented changes in laws and society that radically restricted the roles of women. It led to demeaning women and creating a culture of misogyny around motherhood. Under Fascism, women were only being able to participate and work in the areas surrounding the family while men still had utmost control over the family. This mystique surrounding motherhood became central in terms of women's identity and defined their role for the remainder of the Nazi and Fascist

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Women were forced to give up their careers. Nazi believes that there was a natural distinction between sexes. Men were supposed to be productive and creative in the world of politics and war, fighting in the battlefield whereas a women should be serving the state by bearing children, devoting to their husband, keeping a decent home and being a good mother bringing up their children to become a quality future generation. Only “racially fit and pure” women were seen as mothers and housewives, a means of producing a new generation of Nazis. Also Goebbels once said that, “The mission of women is to be beautiful and to bring children into world.”

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Prior to the rule of the Nazis women were given a sense of freedom and equality completely unknown to German women before, they were offered complete opportunity. Women joined the workforce and by 1925, 35% of German workers were women. However when Hitler came to power the changes that the women had adapted to were revoked. Women in Nazi Germany in 1933 were to uphold a specific role; they were to be a mother and a housewife, having the responsibility of raising the children and keeping the house in a respectable and clean manner while their husbands were working. The role of women was confined to the role family life and motherhood In 1936 the Lebensborn or Spring of Life program began, under the control of the SS specially made homes were provided to unmarried mothers or women who fell pregnant to SS men outside of wedlock, these establishments were primarily for pure German women.

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Sedgwick in her Epistemology of the Closet, claims that “many of the major nodes of thought and knowledge in twentieth-century Western culture as a whole are structures—indeed, fractured—by a chronic, now endemic crisis of homo/heterosexual definition” (Sedgwick 2008, 1). Sedgwick argues that it is a crisis “indicatively male, dating from the end of the nineteenth century” (1).The author says that “virtually any aspect of modern Western culture must be, not merely incomplete, but damaged in its central substance to the degree that it does not incorporate a critical analysis of modern homo/heterosexual definition” (1). Sedgwick is aligning with some of the arguments that Butler also addresses in her work, she is tackling the constraints of binaries and the rigidity they imply. Sedgwick abounds in that statement saying that “the appropriate place for the critical analysis to begin is from the relatively decentered perspective of modern gay and antihomophobic theory” (1). The epistemology of the closet is the: [i]dea that thought itself is structured by homosexual/heterosexual definitions, which damages our ability to think.

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