Firstly, it is the middle class, being classified as urban residents, who benefit most from the framework of the hukou system, given their urban registration portfolio provides for everyday services such as education, jobs and healthcare. Rural migrants are expected to be independent within their place of registration and the cities (Chan 1996, p. 135). They are not entitled to such benefits in the urban areas, and it is the rural migrants who are pushed to the periphery of the social and economic structures. The structure of the hukou system means rural migrants are forced to do the jobs that the middle class do not want to do. For example, manufacturing, construction and service jobs. They are also formally excluded from many jobs, especially