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Cortisol Research Paper

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Blood levels of cortisol differ, but typically are high in the morning when the person wakes up, and then drop throughout the day. This is called a diurnal rhythm. In people who work at night, they have the opposite pattern. The timing of cortisol releasing is related to the daily activity patterns. In response to stress, extra cortisol is released to help the body to respond properly. The secretion of cortisol is controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which is a three inter-communicating regions of the body, the hypothalamus in the brain, the pituitary gland and the adrenal gland. When cortisol levels in the blood are reduced, a collection of cells in the hypothalamus release corticotrophin-releasing hormone, which causes the
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The posterior lobe is then responsible for storing the hormones made by the neurons of the hypothalamus. The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system is the specific way the hypothalamus communicates with the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. This portal system consists of blood vessels that carry hormones of the hypothalamus to the anterior lobe. The anterior lobe then responds by making its own hormones. The anterior lobe hormones can go and control other glands.

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An example of a disease that results from an imbalance in a negative feedback mechanism is Cushing’s Syndrome/disease. Cushing’s Syndrome occurs when our body produces high levels of a glucocorticoid hormone called cortisol. When produced at the ideal level, cortisol is very beneficial to our body for it helps regulate blood pressure and the immune system. A normal production of cortisol begins when a hormone (produced in the hypothalamus) called corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulates cells in the pituitary gland that make the hormone called adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Adrenocorticotropic is then carried through the bloodstream to the adrenal gland where cortisol is produced.

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The adrenal cortex is responsible for secreting corticosteroids and hormones such as: • Cortisol enables the control the body 's use of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates as well as suppresses inflammatory reactions in the body • Aldosterone which regulates the level of sodium and potassium in the body and helps maintain blood volume and blood pressure. Aldosterone is regulated by complex feedback mechanisms involving sodium and potassium levels as well as blood volume. • Androgenic steroids which are hormones that are converted elsewhere in the body to female hormones (estrogens) and male hormones (androgens) The adrenal medulla is responsible for helping the body cope with emotional and physical stress and secretes hormones such as: • Epinephrine which helps the body to respond to a stressful situation by increasing the heart rate and force of heart contractions, facilitating blood flow to the muscles and brain, causing the relaxation of smooth muscles, helping with conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver, and other activities.

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Cushing’s Syndrome is a disease that involves an excess of the Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland, most likely because of cancerous cells (Helm). This causes an excess of cortisol to be made in the adrenal gland which creates the symptoms known as Cushing’s Syndrome. This can also be caused by a tumor on the adrenal gland which causes an overproduction of cortisol (Helm). Cortisol is a steroid hormone which helps regulate blood sugar as well as aid in the metabolism of protein, fat, and carbohydrates.

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