ipl-logo

Craik And Lockhart On The Levels Of Processing Framework

749 Words3 Pages

The levels of processing framework was first proposed by Craik and Lockhart in 1972. Prior to Craik and Lockhart’s introduction to an alternative model for memory research, the dominant memory framework was the multistore models. In their paper, Craik and Lockhart outlined the strengths associated with this model as well as some weaknesses. We will focus on the weaknesses, as these will be the points most pertinent to their argument for an alternative framework for memory research, but first, a brief overview of the multistore models will be presented.
The multistore models presume that information flows logically from one store to another, i.e., sensory stores to short-term memory to long-term memory (Craik & Lockhart, 1972). Information can …show more content…

In Craik & Lockhart’s view, the capacity, coding, and retention function criteria for the sensory store, short-term store, and long-term store do not adequately address the differences between the stores (1972). The limited capacity, a distinguishing feature in short-term store has been ambiguous, in particular, the model does not specify whether the limited capacity is due to processing capacity, storage capacity, or an interaction between the two (Craik & Lockhart, 1972). In terms of coding, short-term store is not largely phonemic; information in short-term store can be encoded either acoustic or articulatory (Craik & Lockhart, 1972). While type of coding may have been a distinguishing characteristic between short-term store and long-term store, there is evidence that claims short-term store information can also be encoded semantically (Craik & Lockhart, 1972). Lastly, if short-term store is to be distinguished in terms of its forgetting characteristics, the rate at which information is lost should be consistent across different paradigms and experimental conditions, but this is not the case (Craik & Lockhart, 1972). Craik & Lockhart then posits a hypothesis that the rate of forgetting not only depends on aspects such as study time, amount of material presented, mode of test, but also, the type and

Show More
Related

What Are The Problems With The Article's Of Confederation Dbq

632 Words | 3 Pages

Article’s of Confederation Essay Article’s of Confederation Essay There are many problems with our government system. The Article’s of Confederation are poor, there are differences between governments; and the country does not have a constitution. What is happening to the United States of America right now? There are multiple problems with the Article’s of Confederation.

Read More

Clues Hint At 2 Brain's Memory Maps Analysis

1068 Words | 5 Pages

This paper is on the article “Clues Hint at 2 Brain’s Memory Maps” by Sandra Blakeslee. It was issued by the New York Times on February 15th, of 1985. This piece explores amnesia and the effects it had on different types of memory. It uses various empirical evidence such as small case studies and experiments.

Read More

Outline And Evaluate The Working Memory Model Essay

521 Words | 3 Pages

Outline and evaluate the working memory model: The working memory model was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch 1974 in response to criticism of the multi store model. They did not think that short term memory was a single unitary store, as the multi-store model of memory had suggested. In contrast, they believed that short term memory consisted of several components, an alliance of several temporary systems working together. The central executive directs attention to certain information, and essentially shares out the incoming sensory information, controlling the flow of information to and from the slave systems. It also has a very limited capacity, which is shown in the study by Bunge et al (2000), where an fMRI was used to observe what areas

Read More

3.04 Informational Processing

688 Words | 3 Pages

Informational Processing, from lesson 3.04 talks about 3 different types of processing. They are called, Visual, Acoustic, and Semantic. With visual processing, you processing things such as pictures or visual memories whilst learning. An example of this in my own life would be when I see pictures in a textbook, I process them as key points so that if a test had that picture on it, I’d remember that picture and know what it’s about or what information it 's towards regarding the test. The second one, Acoustic processing, this is processing with sound.

Read More

Multistore Model Of Memory Analysis

1358 Words | 6 Pages

How reliable are the two models or theories of the cognitive process of memory, “|…|the process of maintaining information over time” (Matlin, 2005) , known as the multistore model (MSM) and the levels of processing model (LOP)? Both of these models have been widely criticized, but simultaneously they have improved our knowledge and understanding of how the process of memory works. In this essay both of these models of memory will be evaluated by presenting the strengths and limitations of each. The first model, the multistore model, was put forward by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) which suggests that the concept of memory involves three stores; the sensory stores, the short-term store (STS), and the long-term store (LTS).

Read More

Limited Capacity Model Of Motivated Mediated Message Processing

1131 Words | 5 Pages

I., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior, 11(6), 671-684. Hoeken, H., & Fikkers, K. M. (2014).

Read More

Implicit Memory

1097 Words | 5 Pages

These models have been widely applied in the various areas and depending on the domain of application, they have provided a deep explanation for characteristic behavior. Thanks to the advances, studies and tests in this field, we now have a clearer picture of the nature of, and the relationship between the memory systems. The related investigations on memory systems are testing 3 models; a single-system model; which assumes that exposure to some stimulus or event creates one single memory trace, which, in turn, forms the basis of responses; (b) a multiple-systems-1 model, a special case model that suppose strict independence of two systems; (c) and a multiple-systems-2 model, which takes a more general perspective and assumes that separate systems are contributing to explicit and implicit memory, however there is also a connection between the systems, so single-system model is supposed to be a special case of this framework. Some experimental works have been directed on normal adults, amnesic patients (e.g., Berry, et al Jon. 2014, Berry, et al. 2012) and some others on older samples (Shanks, et al 2012) in order to increase the likelihood of being able to discriminate the models. Although experimental results defend a single-system model in preference to multiple-systems models, it is still important, in addition to data from the normal population, to collect data from other samples and evaluate how robust the present conclusions are across different ways of testing including various memory tests and materials.

Read More

Prospective Memory Analysis

1646 Words | 7 Pages

Another structure in retrieval of information is the frontal lobe (McDaniel et al. 1999). McDaniel, Glisky, Rubin, Guynn, Routhieaux (1999), found that participants with high-functioning frontal lobes compared to low-functioning frontal lobes performed better in prospective memory. This observation came from conducting a study by giving participants a multiple-choice test and eight target questions that appeared throughout the test. High-functioning frontals allows for associating the questions with the right letter and associating the eight spontaneous cues with the right letter but the low-functional frontals capture to much attention just on the multiple-choice questions and cannot register the eight cues. Similarly, focal performance on prospective memory has positive correlations between the hippocampus and parahippocampal in brain volume, while the hippocampus has the strongest correlation (Gordon0020et al. 2011).

Read More

Developmentally Appropriate Instruction

1483 Words | 6 Pages

The first theory that was talked about the text is the information processing model. The model is made up of three parts sensory register, short-term/ working memory, and long-term memory. The model shows how information is taken in and stored in the different parts of our memory and then recalled. The next theory that was covered in the text is called brain research. In this section, we talked about four parts of the brain and what they are in charge of.

Read More

Semantic Memory, Episodic Memory And Procedural Memory

280 Words | 2 Pages

There are three types of memory that will be discussed in this paper, which fall under one of the main two categories of long term human memory. They are known as semantic memory, episodic memory and procedural memory. Semantic memory and episodic memory fall under the same sub- category of memory known as explicit, meaning it is able to be consciously recalled. Semantic memory is known as the memory responsible for recalling facts and knowledge. An example of semantic memory from my own personal experience was being able to recall and name all the elements on the periodic table.

Read More

Neurological Bases Of Memory Study

950 Words | 4 Pages

In this case, the brain and its structures are the hardware of the computer, while cognitive processes are the software (Houghton, 2004). In other words, for a period of time, it was understood that memory theorists did not need to know how the brain worked to be able to create theories about memory. Theories related to encoding, storage, and retrieval of memory are prime examples of this. Generally, encoding is any acquisition of information, storage is the retention of memories, while retrieval is being able to bring the memory back into conscious awareness (Terry, 2009). Evidence of encoding memories, or software, can be seen despite knowledge of the brain structures, or hardware, that are responsible for the encoding.

Read More

Information Processing Theory: A Case Study

974 Words | 4 Pages

If information stored in the short-term memory is not learned and given attention, it will decay over time (Schunk 2012, p. 183). The short-term memory has a small capacity, and large amounts of information cannot all be stored (Schunk 2012, p. 183). To make it esier, information can be shortened or broken up to fit it in the short-term memory (Schunk 2012, p. 183). Information that is used will be transferred into the long-term store/ long-term memory (Schunk 2012, p. 183). There are different strategies to strengthen the memory of information from short-term to long-term.

Read More

Non Declarative Memory Research Paper

1318 Words | 6 Pages

It is proposed that a human beings long term memory is split into two distinct systems; declarative and non-declarative. These systems are each responsible for their own individual aspects of the memory. Declarative memory consists of events and facts that you learn consciously which are then stored in the medial temporal lobe diencephalon. In comparison non-declarative memory is much more complex and divides into many sub groups (Baddeley A, Eysenck M.W, Anderson M.C, 2009). Non-declarative or implicit memories aren’t learnt or stored in the same way as declarative memories.

Read More

Reliability Of Memory

1062 Words | 5 Pages

In this essay, I will be presenting some strengths and limitations of the reliability of one cognitive process, namely memory. Memory is defined as the process of organizing the multitude of information gathered through personal experience. Schema, defined as many networks of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations about aspects of the world, can help memory be more accurate, since people tend to remember details more vividly when their schemas are activated. However, each time a person recalls a memory, the memory is reconstructed. This is known as reconstructive memory.

Read More

Essay On Short Term Memory

1873 Words | 8 Pages

Introduction According to information processing model, short term memory has a limited capacity to hold information (Atkinson & Shriffin, 1968). The span of short term memory is said to be limited to about seven items (+2) (Miller, 1956 as cited in Terry, 2000). Short-term memory is also an active memory where we do our active memory processing (Lefrancois, 2000). For this reason, several researches have called the short term memory the working memory store (Gordon, 1989).

Read More

More about Craik And Lockhart On The Levels Of Processing Framework

Related Topics

Open Document