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Dualism Essay

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Yes, dualism has an impact on what psychologists do in their profession. At the beginning, Cartesian dualism defined mind and body as two independent entities, which also refer to the epiphenomenalism and ontology, whereas, with time passing by, the interaction in the pineal gland between mind and body, was proposed by Rene Descartes as interactionism. It is Cartesianism that combined both dualism and voluntarism together. Moreover, voluntarism regards some human behaviors are unpredictable because of the free will, which can influence some aspects of the behaviors (Kukla & Walmsley, 2006). In contrast, determinism is opposite to voluntarism and stands for the absolute Science-Law-principle, which believes that science law can predict everything that happens in the world, …show more content…

Skinner, whose parts of theories were involved with dualism, either mind or body. In spite of no shortage of psychological theories in twentieth century, there are several potential problems with dualism. Among the theories from these psychologists, for instance, the behaviorism, which emphasized solely on behaviors and believed the psychological disorders could be cured only by physical treatments, was proposed by B.F. Skinner. Hence, Skinner was a deterministic materialist. However, there are still a number of disorders that related more to the mental health domain, like phobia, cannot be treated by modifying behaviors only, but some mental interventions. What is more, the psychoanalytic theory from Freud, whose treatments were associated with the analyses of the changes along with a person’s entire development, was an example of a mind-emphasized theory and the psychoanalytic theory believed mental states are not identical to physical states, but that they’re still entirely predictable on the basis of nonphysical laws of the mind. And Freud was a deterministic dualist (Kukla & Walmsley,

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Originally from Austria, Sigmund Freud was a trained neurologist who was particularly interested in the human psyche. Over many years, Freud developed a theory to explain human behavior, what we refer to now as “Freudian Psychology.” First, he divided the mind into three levels, and used the analogy of an iceberg to help others understand it. On the surface, Freud identified the Conscious. It is here that most of our decision making and ideas are processed.

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Both the mind/brain identity theory and dualism share the assumption that the mind is a thing of a non-physical Cartesian substance which is separate from the living brain. Behaviourism challenges and rejects this presumption, in common with functionalism. To state straightforwardly and simply, behaviourism maintains that statements about the mind and mental states are to be equivalent to statements that describe a person's actual and potential public behaviour. In this view, there is no more to a person's mental states than contain overt patterns of behaviour s/he exhibits or, in appropriate circumstances, is disposed to manifest.

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Radical new ways of comprehending human conditions were offered by Freud (1905/1958), Rodgers (1951), Perls (1969), Skinner (1974), Ellis (Ellis & Grieger, 1977), and de Shazer (1985), to name only a few examples (Hansen, 2012). All of the fundamental principles developed by these theorists were developed from a combination of personal observaion and creative impagination (Hansen, 2012). Science was a tool used to prove the theory and determine whether the application of the theoretical perspective was authentic (Hansen,

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What is a soul? The Webster Dictionary defines a soul as the spiritual or immaterial part of a human being or animal, regarded as immortal. I also believe a soul is an immaterial part of being. It encompasses all the characteristics of one. It inhabits all that someone is.

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The ideas of dualism have drastic impacts on historical and contemporary philosophy, many of those effects in my view are negative. It would take far more time than I have available to express the totality of my disagreements with dualism so for now, I will focus on dualism and ethics, more specifically, ethics in relation to free will. As must always come before a proper argument definitions are in order. For the purposes of this paper I will be using the term “Dualism” to refer to “the idea that the mind is separate and distinct from the physical body yet maintains at least a unidirectional transfer of information” While there may be some dualists who would take issue with this definition (for example some proponents of epiphenomenalism who believe the mind is separate from the body but that it has no

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The way today’s society views the human brain and psyche is largely based off several theories put in place by a neurologist by the name of Sigmund Freud. His theories originated from those of hypnosis. This form of what would later be known as “Psychoanalysis” is the process of accessing repressed memories in order to cure certain forms of mental illness and allows an explanation of human behavior. Freud began his studies on the topic when he traveled to Paris France to study with a neurologist by the name of Jean-Martin Charcot who was developing an understanding of hypnosis. After gaining further knowledge Freud decided that hypnosis was no longer the correct term for the subject and coined the term “Psychoanalysis”.

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1. The psychoanalytic analysis in general Psychoanalytic criticism was developed by Austrian neurologist and the father of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud. His theory is based on conscious and unconscious functioning, stages of growth, developments in human behavior and normal and abnormal experiences. If we apply some psychoanalytic techniques like flashbacks, childhood memories and regression, we can uncover the hidden meanings, motivations, repressed dreams and wishes within the text. Major principles of Freud’s theory are the models of human psyche, the psychosexual stages, defense mechanism, the Oedipus complex, dreams and dream symbols.

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There are several similarities and differences between behaviorism (skinner) and psychoanalysis (Freud). Both behaviorism and psychoanalysis do not believe in the concept of free will in humans and they are both deterministic. Behavioral approach assets that the environment and the consequences of behavior control people while psychoanalysis believe that people are controlled by their unconscious drives. Through his observations, Freud believed that childhood experiences could lead to emotional problems in adulthood. Skinner in his experiment proved that behavior that produces pleasurable consequences is likely to be repeated whilst that which produces negative consequences is stamped out.

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Despite one’s perceptions of themselves and the world around them, there is often a lot going on underneath the surface. The conscious mind may be reasonably satisfied and rarely focus on past traumas, but the subconscious may sneakily override this by perpetuating insecurities, persuading the conscious mind into self-destruction, or causing other effects that influence mood, productivity, and life as a whole. The unconscious mind may also have a more concrete (and, therefore, potentially more serious) effect. Freud was revolutionary in that he was the psychologist to pursue psychoanalysis.

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Nonetheless, it had a significant impact on new theories that were later developed. In the mid to late 1900’s, a second wave of psychoanalytic theories were introduced. These new theories branched from Freud’s original idea that an individual’s behavior and personality are largely shaped by underlying unconscious forces, however, the second wave was modified to be more sophisticated and dynamic. The wide majority of Freud’s followers had no problem accepting the idea that conflicts during infancy affect the experiences of an adult, thus, affecting their future personality features. However, the second wave of psychoanalysis emphasizes interpersonal relationships rather than sexual feelings, accepts the study of the conscious mind, and contains a wider variety of explanations.

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The founder of psychoanalysis in Sigmund freud (1856-1939).to understand human behaviour psychoanalysis is a system of treatment that has given rise to discoveries and controversies that are actively with us today. It is a method of examining psychic phenomena and treating mental and emotional disorders that is based on the concepts and theories of Sigmund Freud, that highlights the importance of free association and dream analysis, and that involves treatment sessions during which the patient is encouraged to talk freely about personal experiences and especially about early childhood and dreams. The unconscious mind is made up of several, memories, feelings and urges that are external from our conscious mind The contents of the unconscious are generally unacceptable or unpleasant. Such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict.

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The Psychoanalytic Theory represents one of the most sweeping contributions to the field of personality. This theory proposes that our childhood experiences and unconscious desires influence our behavior (Talvitie, 2012). William Ford Gibson an American-Canadian writer once wrote, "When you want to know how things really work, study them when they 're coming apart.” The Psychoanalytic theory consists mainly of using methods to bring out unconscious material that needs work on. Understanding as well as establishing that there are all sorts of forces that affect one life which attribute in making us into the individuals that we are at present.

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Psychoanalytic Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) is reflected as the forefathers of psychology and founder of psychoanalysis. Based on Freud’s theories, psychoanalytic therapy is a type of treatment that tends to observe at the background from early childhood to perceive if these situations have affected the individual’s life, or to current issues. (Counselling Directory, 2014) This therapy discovers how the unconscious mind empowers thoughts and behaviors, with the purpose of offering insight and resolution to the person seeking therapy. This form of therapy is a long-term treatment whereby it can take duration up to weeks, months or even years depending on the complexity of the patient being explored.

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The term ‘dualism’ has a variety of uses if we see the previous literature. In common sense, the notion is that, for any particular area of interest, there are two commonly different classes of things. In theory, for example a ‘dualist’ is one who believes that Good and Evil-or God and the Devil-are independent and more or less equal forces in the world. Dualism compare with monism, which is the theory that there is only one significant type, category of thing and rather less commonly, with pluralism, which is commonly referred to as many categories. In the philosophy of mind, dualism is the theory that the mind and body are, in some sense, totally different types of thing.

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