5.2.2 Fluency Disorders, in normal speech word and phrases, flow easily, with a certain variation in speech, stress, and appropriate pauses. ASHA defines fluency as ”accompanied by decidedly greater than average duration, effort, tension, or struggle” (ASHA, 1999). Hallahan and Kauffman (2003) define stuttering as "a communication disorder related to speech fluency that generally begins during childhood (but, occasionally, as late as early adulthood). Concurrently Margrain (2011) defines stuttering as "a communication disorder which can include repetitions, prolongations, or having gaps in speech (blocks, with no sound)." Stuttering is also known as stammering; although the correct term is actually dysphemia .Some individuals refer to this typical stuttering as “developmental stuttering.” Others refer to stuttering as a “syndrome,” focusing thereby on a set of symptoms that may coexist in any stuttering individual." In term of core behaviors of stuttering, (part word repetitions, …show more content…
People who stutter can build up intense fears in response to the loss of control that they feel or in response to the penalty that they experience from listeners. Avoidance behaviors may constitute the largest group of behaviors developed in response to fear. People who stutter will do a variety of things to avoid a moment of stuttering and the subsequent loss of control and listener penalty. Some common examples include substituting words that they think are easier to say for the ones they fear stuttering on, talking around a word and not saying it at all, pausing and pretending to think, and avoiding talking altogether. When people who stutter have successfully avoided a moment of stuttering the fears does not subside as completely as we might expect. Instead, they have to maintain their vigilance to avoid the next possible moment of stuttering, and the next, and the