Figure 12.3 Eukaryotic Chromosome
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1. Nucleus- present only in eukaryotic cells, this structure stores most of the genetic information of the cell. The nucleus directs the production of proteins through the synthesis of mRNA. 2.
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The same region is also amplified on both chromosomes, however they are different sizes, which are then put into gel
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G1 is the main development period of the cell cycle. In G1, the cell plans to experience cell division. The cell still plays out the majority of its typical capacities, however begins to get greater. The cell then starts to make a duplicate of the cell parts (organelles). It additionally starts to create RNA and orchestrate proteins to prepare to separate.
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three phases G1, where the cells grows up to double it’s original size, S phase, where the dan is replicated , and G2 ,where the cells finishes it growing and prepares to go into prophase. Prophase is where the cell’s nuclear membrane dissolves. Chromatin tightly coils and condenses into chromosomes. Spindle fiber begins to appear and then the cell goes on to metaphase. During metaphase, the cell’s spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes and the chromosome aline in the middle of the cell.
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A) Draw a cell with 2 pairs chromosomes as it goes through the cell cycle and indicate the main things that happen to its chromosomes at each stage (label: sister chromatids, homologous chromosomes, G1, S, G2, Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis, indicate the 3 checkpoints). Draw it in paper and upload a photo or scanned. B) Assuming the life of a cell starts as soon as cell division is completed and ends when the cell starts a new process of cellular division, how many times in a cell’s life does it replicate its DNA?
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The sister chromatids are pulled towards oppsite poles of the cell. (http://andrewhulse.weebly.com/archive-blog---life-in-room-213206209/archives/01-2014) Telophase:the chormatids are now called chormosomes. The nuclear envelope reforms arounds the two sets of chromosomes to form two new nuclei and in each nucleus the nucleolus reforms. The spindle fibres disappear and the chromosomes become uncoiled, elongated and are no longer visible.
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Mitosis produces the most cells in the body. In Meiosis the daughter cells are not identical and splits the chromosomes in half which produces gametes. This makes the cells identity unique. 2. What major event occurs during interphase?
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What we knew in last 100 years about chromosomes has completely changed now with this new discovery. We had thought the nucleus is made up of tightly wrapped proteins called histones which form chromosomes. “New research shows that not only the the chromosomes contain 25,000 or more genes it contains also a mysterious structure scientists have found a sheet-like structure that occupies the 47% of the chromosome” (BEC Crew). For the last century, we thought the cell nucleus was made of complex DNA and histone proteins. The reason we did not know much about the cell nucleus is because the chromosomes were only visible during cell division that is during meiosis and mitosis, where the chromosomes are tightly packed to form supercoiled like structures which were visible under a microscope.
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During this stage the DNA and the protein condense in the nucleus; these are referred to as chromatin. The chromatin coils forming more visible chromosomes. Replicated chromosomes make an X and are called sister chromatids. These identical copies join together at the centromere. The formation of microtubules begins or long protein that are responsible for separating the sister chromatids equally, dividing the chromosomes to each side of the cell.
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Chromosome “fusions” in Karyotype Evolution Most of the genetic material in an organism is found in its chromosomes. The number of chromosomes in eukaryotic organisms can range from 1 to 600 for each haploid genome. Haploid genomes consist of genes that make up a set of chromosomes in a haploid cell, which contains of one set of chromosomes. Whereas in diploid cells, there are two sets of chromosomes.
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The idea of cell division, mitosis and binary fission, are ideas that make me stop and think. Mitosis is a type of cell division that happens in cells with a nucleus, and ends in two identical daughter cells. Mitosis interests me because of how complex the process is. It is amazing how it goes through various stages without hardly ever a mistake, and ends with two identical daughter cells. Binary Fission is a type of cell division that happens in cells without a nucleus, and also ends with two identical cells.
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Cellular information passes from one generation to the next in the form of Dna through a process called meiosis. Cellular information is stored in Dna, which is wound tightly around proteins in a double helix to form chromatin strands, which in turn are wound tightly to form chromatids. A normal human has 92 chromatids. After dna replication occurs in the S phase of meiosis, these chromatids duplicate themselves to form sister chromatids that are held together by a centromere. This becomes a chromosome, which then travels through the process of meiosis.
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DNA is compacted into chromosomes and is stored within the nucleus. DNA serves as the unique genetic instructions of all of life’s form and functions. DNA codes for the primary structure of all proteins, the most essential molecule for life, and these sequences of amino acids determine the structure and function of each protein.
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Each cell contains characteristics that determine how the cell grows, functions, and die. Cancer starts with one normal cell evolving into a cancerous cell, due to a mutation in the cell's DNA. Once a cell in the body has become cancerous, cell division continues to take place which
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Explain how genes, chromosomes, DNA, and genomes all relate to one another and their importance to psychology. Genes are the biochemical units of heredity that makes up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein. Chromosomes are threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.
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