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Why Do Cells Undergo Mitosis?

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Cells are the most basic, living structural and functional living units of the body. In order for growth and repair to happen the cells must go through cell division; this is called mitosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells after going through four stages, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Before the somatic cells (body cells except reproductive) undergo mitosis, they must go through interphase in which they spend 78% of their time. This begins with the G1 phase where the cells make a variety of proteins that are necessary for DNA replication. During the S phase of interphase, the chromosomes are replicated; these are a structure composed of DNA and protein that carries genetic information of an organism. After chromosomes replicate they now consist of two sister chromatids attached together at a centromere. The last phase of interphase is the G2 phase. During this stage many proteins are synthesized, of most importance to mitosis, microtubules are produced. …show more content…

During this stage the DNA and the protein condense in the nucleus; these are referred to as chromatin. The chromatin coils forming more visible chromosomes. Replicated chromosomes make an X and are called sister chromatids. These identical copies join together at the centromere. The formation of microtubules begins or long protein that are responsible for separating the sister chromatids equally, dividing the chromosomes to each side of the cell. In prometaphase the nuclear envelope is breaking apart, and the microtubules begin to attach to the kinetochore. Kinetochore is a protein like structure that forms on the chromatid that allows the spindle to attach to the

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In which case, the nuclear envelope is visible again and the DNA uncoil into chromatin. No DNA replication occurs during interphase II. In prophase II, the nuclear envelope disintegrates again, and the chromosomes stay in sister chromatid form (if they unraveled into chromatin during interphase II they condense again). In metaphase II, spindle fibers from opposing poles of the cell attach to the centromeres of each sister chromatid. Sister chromatids are two identical copies/strands connected by one centromere that results from the replication of a chromosome during the S phase.

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The same region is also amplified on both chromosomes, however they are different sizes, which are then put into gel

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G1 is the main development period of the cell cycle. In G1, the cell plans to experience cell division. The cell still plays out the majority of its typical capacities, however begins to get greater. The cell then starts to make a duplicate of the cell parts (organelles). It additionally starts to create RNA and orchestrate proteins to prepare to separate.

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three phases G1, where the cells grows up to double it’s original size, S phase, where the dan is replicated , and G2 ,where the cells finishes it growing and prepares to go into prophase. Prophase is where the cell’s nuclear membrane dissolves. Chromatin tightly coils and condenses into chromosomes. Spindle fiber begins to appear and then the cell goes on to metaphase. During metaphase, the cell’s spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes and the chromosome aline in the middle of the cell.

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• Meio'is lead< to independent a,o,tnoent of chromo,ome< a9":f!.compo,ition of alleles in daughter eel/, o Chromosomes replicate in interphase before meiosis • Interphase: · • Active period that precedes meiosis and includes preparation for cell division . • DNA replicated in the "S" Phase of interphase • This results in chromosomes having two identical DNA strands • Genetically identical strands are called sister chromatids • Held together by a centromere located at the center • Chromatids separate during meiosis II • They become independent chromosomes with each one ofthem made of a single DNA strand • If DNA didn't take place before meiosis, there would be no need for 2nd meiotic division • Meiosis I: Diploid to haploid • DNA replication

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The sister chromatids are pulled towards oppsite poles of the cell. (http://andrewhulse.weebly.com/archive-blog---life-in-room-213206209/archives/01-2014) Telophase:the chormatids are now called chormosomes. The nuclear envelope reforms arounds the two sets of chromosomes to form two new nuclei and in each nucleus the nucleolus reforms. The spindle fibres disappear and the chromosomes become uncoiled, elongated and are no longer visible.

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DNA replication is the major event that occurs at the completion of the three phases in the interphase. Experiment 1: Following Chromosomal DNA Movement through Meiosis Data Tables and Post-Lab Assessment Trial 1 - Meiotic Division Without Crossing Over Pipe Cleaners Diagram:

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However, each main spermatocyte moves into the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubules duplicating it DNA resulting in undergoing meiosis allowing it to create two haploid secondary spermatocytes that later divide again in to haploid spermatids. However, during division a random inclusion of parental chromosome and chromosomal cross over both increasing the genetic variability of the gamete. Although, each cell division from a spermatogonium to a spermatid are incomplete

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Cells go through a process called mitosis in order to divide and produce more cells. When cells go through mitosis, the DNA replicates and the cell divides in two separate daughter cells. The cells will go through five stages when they divide; interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. The regulation of cell growth is not constant and is determined by feedback from the cell. Cells may reproduce because of cell growth, cell replacement or regeneration.

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The building blocks of life revolve around Meiosis and Mitosis, two processes of reproduction. Without them there would be no living organisms on the planet, or anywhere for that matter. Although they possess some similarities, Meiosis and Mitosis also have key differences. Meiosis and Mitosis, on a basic scale, are fairly similar throughout processes of reproduction. For starters, Meiosis and Mitosis both use the basic four steps of reproduction such as prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

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Interphase includes; G1, S, G2, and M phase. During G1, the cell grows and performs its specific function inside the body. In S, or synthesis phase, the DNA inside the cell nucleus is replicated preparing the cell for cell division. The cell then enters G2, a second growth phase, to continue to grow and prepare for cell division. The final phase of interphase is M or mitosis is where cytokinesis

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Meiosis consists of two cycles; Meiosis I and Meiosis II. They both include prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. The two cycles differ in that they include roman numerals to represent which cycle they fall under. In interphase, the chromosomes are replicated, and then move onto prophase I the nuclear envelope disappears. Additionally, parent cells have homologous chromosomes, one from the father and one from the mother and can be mixed many different ways ensuring genetic variation.

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There are two main phases that are found in the cell cycle, they are the following: interphase and mitosis. Mitosis is subdivided into several phases which are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Each one of the phases of the mitosis has a specific duration. In the case of plant and human cells, the

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3. Separations of two single strands of DNA create Y shape called replication fork. Two separated strands will act as templates for making the new strand of DNA. 4. One of strands is oriented in 3 to 5 direction {towards replication fork, this is leading strand.

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The synaptonemal complex is a protein complex, which can mediate the crossing over among homologous chromosomes (Peoples,T.L. 2002). It consists of three important parts, the lateral element, the central element and the transverse element. During the leptotene stage, the SYCP2 and SYCP3 proteins form axial elements, lateral element and precursors. The SYCP1 protein contains a carboxy-terminal domain and an amino-terminal domain that are necessary for interaction with lateral and central elements, respectively. The SYCP1 from transverse filaments interact with the SYCE1 and SYCE2, which are the central elements of the synaptonemal complex (Ding, Da‐Qiao,

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