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Anthropological Analysis Of Gender Inequality

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In the contemporary anthropological and sociological debate, the term gender has replaced the term sex to indicate the social, cultural and psychological typing of the differences between males and females.

The concept of gender was introduced in the 1960s by US doctors R. Stoller and J. Money of the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore to distinguish the psychosexual orientation (gender) of a person from his anatomical sex (sex). According to Heywood (2015), gender is thus a social construct and usually operates through stereotypes of “femininity” and “masculinity”.

The theory of gender in the course of the last decades of the 20th century, gave rise to a rather lively debate, triggered above all by the theoretical production of the women's …show more content…

The concept of gender is closely associated with International Relations (IR) and Politics since it is linked to some enormously important issue as inequality between women and men, the gender gap and the participation of women in the political life of a country.

According to the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE), Italy is the country that has seen the greatest progress on equal opportunities in Europe in the last ten years. With 62.1 points, Italy has accumulated 12.9 more in a decade.
However, Europe proceeds slowly, reaching 66.2 points, only 4 more in a decade, explains the institute, with Sweden at the top of the ranking (82.6 points) and Greece slipped to last place (50 points).
The index is divided into six main domains (work, money, knowledge, time, power and health) and two satellite domains (violence against women and intersectional inequalities). The EIGE highlights the areas where improvements are needed and assists policy-makers in developing more effective gender equality …show more content…

We all agreed that the concept of gender was linked to very actual issues regarding the world of politics and international relations which closely affect women. We were very interested in exploring the nature of the concept of gender and the various feminist movements that seek to undermine the foundations of our patriarchal society. During the Christmas holidays, we carried out individual research: Ray was very determined to explain and examine the many gender identity definitions since it was a topic she really cares about. Lin and I decided to focus mainly on the inequality between men and women, the so-called gender gap and the relations between gender and politics. We met together before the start of the lessons to set up the poster. We worked very well together. I took on the role of organiser because of my lack of creativity, we divided the poster into two parts, in one we explained the various meanings of gender because it is impossible to understand the connection between gender and international relations if the true nature of gender is not explored first. In the second part of the poster, we have analysed with recent examples how this concept touches each of us. although I have also contributed to the creative part of the poster the next time I will try to involve myself more in the creative part of the setting

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Introduction The concept of sex and gender has been socially constructed for a very long period of time, and it was a lot stricter in the past. As author Zimmerman indicated in his reading “Doing Gender” that “Those of us who taught courses in the area in the late 1960s and early 1970s were careful to distinguish one from the other.” (Zimmerman 1987) Nowadays, we know that the society is gradually changing and people are becoming more open-minded than before.

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According to the reading, world politics is gendered due to the worldwide institutionalization of gender differences and it being a major underpinning of structural inequalities of significance to

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The Impact of Culture and Gender Roles Heather Richardson-Barker Drexel University Society has clearly defined boundaries between what is considered to be male or female. The development of an individual’s gender role is formed by interactions with those in close proximity. Society constantly tells us how we should look, act and live based on gender, as well as the influence of family, friends and the media have a tremendous impact on how these roles are formed and the expected behavior of each gender role. The term Gender, as defined by the United Nations, includes the psychological, social, cultural, and behavioral characteristics associated with being female or male. It further defines acceptable

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“Doing Gender” by West and Zimmerman is similar to Butler’s “Performative Acts and Gender Constitution.” However, West and Zimmerman build upon the ideas that Butler puts forth. Butler focuses on gender as performance and how gender is made up by specific actions. While West and Zimmerman take the concept of performance and constitution and applies it to a new concept, the sex category and how sex categories and gender are intertwined in society. Sex categories and gender, according to West and Zimmerman, are different and interconnected.

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Unlike ‘sex’, which typically refers to the biological and physiological differences, gender is a sociological concept that describes the social and cultural constructions that is associated with one’s sex (Giddens & Sutton, 2013, p. 623-667). The constructed (or invented) characteristics that defines gender is an ongoing process that varies between societies and culture and it can change over time. For example, features that are overly masculine in one culture can be seen as feminine in another; however, the relation between the two should not be seen as static. Gender socialization is thought to be a major explanation for gender differences, where children adhere to traditional gender roles from different agencies of socialization. Gender

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According to sexologists John Money and Anke Ehrhardt, sex and gender are separate categories. “Sex, they argued, refers to physical attributes and is anatomically and physiologically determined. Gender they saw as a psychological transformation - the internal conviction that one is either male or female (gender identity) and the behavioral expressions of that conviction” (Sterling 4). Although there are biological differences between the two sexes, but gender roles are socially constructed. They determine how males and females should think, speak, dress, behave and interact with society.

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Equality among people justifies the development of human civilization. The history witnesses how people mistreated the others and how other people fought for freedom. It proves a permanent truth that the more civilized the people are, the less inequality would be promoted. However, there was no one period in the past, even now, without inequality completely. The slavery issue in the West and the gender inequality in the East both brought unimaginable damage for not only the groups of people who were mistreated, but also the society which is supposed to be peaceful, fair and justice.

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Sex and gender are the two terms used for identification of masculinity and femininity among humans in our daily life. Sex is the biological term that determines the biological and “anatomical” differences between male and female species. It also clarifies the primary and secondary sex characteristics a person should have in order to be male or female. However, gender is a socially and culturally constructed term that delineates the distinction between men and women and their roles in the society. Gender is also used to organize relationships between man and women in social life.

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The first wave of feminism has been a revolutionary social movement in terms of that it could lead to an overcoming of the previous social order (Newman, 2012 p. 487) through its social agents and create, through this, a new social ordering of time and space. Moreover, through reaching their previously described aims, the first wave of feminism has been able to literally “overthrow the entire system itself, (…) in order to replace it with another one.” (Skocpol, 1979, as cited in Newman 2012, p. 487). Thereby, one can even state that a new ordering of time and space by which routines and routinised behaviour has been challenged as well as changed took place. The interactions influenced the way how societies work today.

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Critical feminists use gender ideology as a concept which describes the ideas and beliefs held by society of appropriate ways in which a male or a female should behave and the masculine or feminine traits they are expected to possess and portray as appropriate to their biological sex (Coakley and Pike, 2014; Houlihan, 2008; Jarvie, 2006). In order to understand gender ideology, the process of gender socialisation must be considered; this being the learning of norms and values which

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Gender socialisation is explained as the process in which society influences its members to internalise attitudes and expectations based on gender, which refers to being either masculine or feminine. Even before the birth of a baby names for girls and boys are looked up. They are given titles, are called things like ‘pretty girl’ or ‘strong boy’ in order to give off the stereotypical way in which society has conditioned us to think (Lamanna, 2015). In the following essay we will look at gender socialisation in depth and its function in society, the micro level of the family and the bigger picture of our diverse county South Africa, we will look at ways in which it has changed and how gender identity is slowly changing in society at large.

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Gender Inequality Gender inequality is a characteristic of social structure according to which different social groups (in this case men and women) have certain differences resulting in unequal opportunities. Gender inequality is associated with social construction of masculinity and femininity as oppositional categories with unequal social value (Ferree, 1999). One of the main problems in gender theory is the problem of dominance. Together with race and class gender is a hierarchical structure that could to provide both opportunities and oppression (Ferree, 1999). Gender inequality can exist in different forms, depending on culture, region, religion and other factors.

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Aubrey Rose A, Barangot English 27B Title Gender Equality: An Established Human Right Thesis Gender Equality and Stereotypes Inroduction The gender equality has been accepted and acknowledged as human rights’ principles since the adoption of charter of United Nations in 1945. Most of the international agreements such as ‘the Millennium Development Goals (2000)’ and ‘the World Conference on Human Rights (1993) have highlighted and stressed the grave need for nations to take appropriate actions against such discriminatory practices. To give clarity to this research, the researcher uses the following definitions: “Everyone has a fundamental right to live free of violence.

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This text is basically a study of gender role differences, how the society views them and what factors lead them to the growth of their gender within them. Additionally, an example of ethos in this text is that there is more than one author/contributor of this text, who are all professors of human development, social and family dynamics at different colleges, with the same perspective of gender differences, in which they clearly accomplished in explaining this to the audience. And it was important too for them to explain, as many people are still living in the world of differentiation. And to take those kinds of people of people we will have to explain them the way the way this text is written. Next, the time when this article was written, gender roles were almost the same as they are now.

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What can be done to overcome prejudice towards Gender Equality? Gender equality entails protecting human rights, an economic necessity that allows women’s financial autonomy and national progress, and a country’s outlook on international relations. It affects childbirth rates, the quality of life and longevity of those children, and the type of life of the mother. The struggle is so vital to global stability and success that the United Nations (UN) addresses it in their sustainable development goals.

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