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Health Care Ethics Study Guide

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“Ethics, Professional Ethics,and Health Care Ethics”
The main topic of Chapter 1 “Ethics, Professional Ethics, and Health Care Ethics” is health care ethics and how it applies to the health care fields and the ethical decisions made by patients. The chapter begins by giving us an insight in ethics as a branch of philosophy. Philosophy discusses the capabilities of the human mind relating to the nature of reason and reality. Ethics determines if human actions may be considered right or wrong. The chapter states that ethics does attack religion but rather, “ethics and religion consider the same problems and share important insights”. Ethics is also sometimes compared to law but they differ in that law involves public goods and individual rights …show more content…

The different theories include consequentialism, Kantian deontologism, natural law, and virtue ethics. Consequentialism sees rightness or wrongness of our actions based on the consequences of them. Consequentialism includes utilitarianism, stating that one should act as to do the greatest good for the greatest number of people. In act-utilitarianism, an individual evaluates their actions based on the common good of the people involved. Rule-utilitarianism claims certain rules should be followed to produce the greatest common good for everyone involved. The Kantian dentologism theory describes that an action can be described as good and what should be done based on certain characteristics such as the moral law. An example of this is the saying “do unto others as you would have them do unto you”. Another theory is natural law that focuses on human nature and that good and bad decisions guide human action toward human fulfillment. Virtue ethics involves many different factors such as values, right reason, emotional disposition, cultural factors, and

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When taking an oath to be a pharmacist, an EMT, or a physician, one takes an oath to serve humanity. Although there is no common law, each individual profession’s code of ethics has a similar purpose, which is to act as a guideline on the professional relationships between colleagues, patients, and others served. The code of ethics is a standard for all individuals in the profession, however there are instances where a person’s individual beliefs may be of conflict, and prevent the adherence of such guidelines. Although the rights of these individuals may be protected under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA), there is a responsibility as a medical professional to assist the patients, whether it be directly or indirectly. As health

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a) How do the three theories (Virtue, Deontological, and Utilitarian) differ? First of all it should be mentioned, that Virtue, Deontological, and Utilitarian theories are the tools to justify people, groups or institutions’ behavior. What is wrong and what is right is identified regarding the personal point of view. Due to that, the same situation, action or result can be assessed, particularly based on the moral and ethical background.

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Ethical theories are philosophical concepts put in place to help justify and evaluate the morality of human actions. These ethics are seen as fundamental principles for decent human conduct when deciding what is right and wrong. Two of the most well known ethical theories are Kantian Ethics and Utilitarianism. Kantian ethics defines morality based on an individual’s rationality and self-control (Warburton pg: 38). Where as Utilitarianism defines morality based upon the ability to express pleasure and avoid pain (Warburton pg:47) Kantian ethics is categorized as a duty-based theory (Warburton pg: 39).

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Although ethics and morality are usually used interchangeably, they are dissimilar. Ethics are the right and wrong/ good and bad associated within a society, while morality is the right and wrong associated with personal beliefs. In other words, morality focuses on personal characters while ethics focuses on social system in which these morals are applied. Ethics is a branch of philosophy in which right and wrong is defined theoretically, logically and rationally while morals are subjective and personal (Mujtaba, 2005).

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The divine command theory, utilitarianism, Kant’s duty defined morality, natural law theory, and Aristotle’s virtue ethics are the five types of ethical theories. The divine command theory states that what is morally right and wrong will be decided by God. Utilitarianism states that “Action “A” is morally right if and only if it produces the greatest amount of overall happiness. Kant’s duty defined morality states that what is important is acting for the sake of producing good consequences, no matter what the act is. Natural law theory states that people should focus on the good and avoid any evil.

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When faced with an ethical problem or issue in any career affecting societal concerns, I would use moral reasoning and the knowledge about ethical principles I learned in my assignments and courses to make an informed and moral decision when presented with an issue. In my courses at Ashford, I learned a great deal about ethics in the SOC 120: Introduction to Ethics and Social Responsibility course. From the academic knowledge I’ve gained through this course, I am able to apply the four ethical principles, autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice, as guidelines when faced with clinical decisions working in the medical field. In SOC 120, I was able to learn and research how ethics applies to healthcare, health professionals, and hospitals, which is essential for my career in health informatics, and as a pharmacy

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Kantian ethics, a form of deontological ethics, is an ethical theory believing that right is independent of good, so the central idea, is that good will is not good because of what the consequences are but it is good because of its willing, the good itself. Whilst Immanuel Kant denies any consequentialist components, he argued that moral actions are guided by imperatives, highlighting that a course of action depends if it conforms to moral laws (categorical imperative). In addition to this, Kant reveals that moral worthiness is something of will rather than actions, enabling a distinction between legality of an action and moral worth, which means that if an action is morally worthy, it depends on underlying maxims. Whereas utilitarianists are

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Introduction Morality is a guide or a system that distinguishes between right and wrong conduct. Moral theory is a structured set of statements that explain why certain actions are wrong and why people need to act in certain ways (Hampshire, 1977). In this paper am going to examine how various theories view morality and how they are aligned to our cultural identity. 1) Virtue ethics This theory was championed by Aristotle who argued that right or wrong was determined in accordance with traditional virtues, that is making good person.

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Moral theories are theories that help us distinguish between a right or a wrong action. Adequate moral theories help us understand that what we should or shouldn’t do in certain situations. Two of the most famous moral theories are Utilitarianism and Kantianism. According to Utilitarianism, an action is right if only if it out of all the other action gives out the maximum utility. In oppose to that, Kantianism says that an action is right if and only if, in performing that action, the person does not treat anyone as a mean and treats everyone as an end in itself.

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Ethical Issues in Healthcare There are many ethical issues facing health care at any time and it is impossible to say definitively which is the most pressing or the most important. Health care professionals are expected to base their practice on a set of ethical principles, including truthfulness, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, and confidentiality. Ethical issues can arise, however, when a l professional is called upon to act in opposition to personal values or in cases where the values of patient, health care worker, and sponsoring institution conflict. The following issues are presented in no order. Neonatal Ethics Neonates are babies within their first twenty-eight days of life.

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Rational humans should be treated as an end in themselves, thus respecting our own inherent worth and autonomy to make our own decisions. This part of Kant’s ideology may limit what we could do, even in the service of promoting an overall positive, by upholding the principle of not using people with high regard, thus serving as a moral constraint. Deontology remains as the stronger ethical framework as it explicitly lists out how one should act morally through absolute, universal laws, and also by promoting not using others as a mere means, but rather as an end in itself. On the other hand, Utilitarianism, a consequentialist theory, stems from the idea that every morally correct action will produce the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people.

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‘Ethical theories are the rules and principles that determine right and wrong for any given situation’ according to Crane and Matten (2004:76). Its contribution is either relativists which is what is right or wrong relying on the moral norms of our society such as, our culture or absolutists which is deciding what is right or wrong regarding the act, for instance, murder. However, absolutists is divided into Consequentialists (Teleological) which consists of Utilitarianism and ethical egoism and the Non-consequential (Deontological) which consists of divine command theories, Kant’s ethics of duty, virtue ethics, justice approach and the rights approach. The contribution to our understanding of ethical problems offered by 3 different ethical theories: Kant’s ethics of duty, the ethics of right and the ethics of justice. Firstly, Kant’s ethics of duty is defined by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804).

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Consequential Ethical theory It is a part of normative ethical theories and it means that the consequence of ones behavior is an ultimate mean for anyone to judge the rightness or wrongness of that behavior. So, from the perspective of a consequentialist an ethically right act is the one that will inherit good outcome or consequence. It usually explains the saying “the end justifies the means” which means that in order to achieve a goal, take any route which leads to achieving it.

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The practice of health care includes many scenarios that have to do with making adequate decisions when it comes to a patient’s life, and the way they are treated. Having an ethical code in all health care organizations is very important, because it helps health care workers with reaching a suited and ethical decision when it comes to the patient. In health care, patient will always be put first, and their autonomy will always be respected. Nevertheless, when there is a situation where a patient might be in harm, or might be making their condition worse because of the decisions they made. Health care workers will always be there to

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It considers that moral act itself has moral value for example telling the truth is always right even when it may cause harm or pain. This theory is based on the supposed state of nature. According to this theory humans should use their ability of reason to discover how nature is in order to determine how we should act. Golden rule is an example of natural law states that “Do unto others as you would have them do unto

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