Violence can be explained by psychological, psychiatric and neurobiological approaches. These approaches do not exclude the influence of socialization on impulse control, the appraisal of behavior and situations or the actions individuals resort to. Research into neuroplasticity, the influence of socialization on the development of the brain, epigenetics, and fluctuations in hormone levels and neurotransmitters depending on lifestyle and social environment provides growing evidence that neurobiological aspects of human behavior and other psychological processes cannot be separated from society and culture.
Are men more prone to violence?
Taking all forms of aggression into account there is no proof for a prevalence of male perpetrators. Physical
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an unemotional planned and premeditated strategy or impulsive-affective violence, that is a reaction to perceived threats, provocation or offenses. They are marked by intense emotions and impulsivity. Impulsivity describes the decreased regulation of emotions, thoughts, and behavior and entails acting without consideration of the consequences. Several neurobiological and biochemical abnormalities correlate with increased impulsivity.
There are two subtypes of impulsive-affective violence: Impulsive and affective. While impulsive acts may be directed against any person, affective deeds are carried out against a relevant other in a state of high emotional arousal and are characterized by a specific relationship between perpetrator and victim. The function of the victim and their relationship for the perpetrator is to confirm his self-concept.
Intimicides are homicides against former or current sexual partner. In rare cases, the killings occur because of severe mental illness like psychosis or in a controlled-instrumental way. The most frequent motive is a perceived injury to the perpetrator’s self-concept. So-called passion killings are intimicides in the context of romantic love and in most cases a variant of affective
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Emancipation does not decrease but increases violence against women, because men react with violence to challenges of their authority by female claims for autonomy.
Violence against women is institutionalized through family structures, social and economic arrangements and traditions so that in many cases not even women see violence against women as wrong which in term leads to impunity.
A widespread form of violence against women is domestic violence: Social, cultural and economic power differences, as well as differences in physical strength, put women at risk. Historically, religion and juridical systems contributed to domestic violence: For centuries, Catholic scholars demanded female subordination and provided theological legitimization for male violence and domination while laws throughout Europe approved of domestic violence against women.
While women are more frequently victims of severe physical violence, men get victimized in romantic relationships, too. Cultural gender norms and European laws declared violence against women the norm and rendered violence against men invisible by shaming and ridiculing male