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Jean Piaget's Theory Of Genetic Epistemology

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Jean Piaget developed the theory of genetic epistemology (cognitive development). 1Jean Piaget identified himself as a genetic epistemologist, which is the study of the origin (genesis) of knowledge (epistemology). Close Panel His theory suggests that our roots of knowledge, from elementary form, all the way through to scientific knowledge, progresses through stages. 2The four stages are, Sensorimotor Stage (birth to 2 years), Pre-Operational Stage (2 to 5 years), Concrete Operational Stage (5 to 11 years), and Formal Operational Stage (11 to adult). Close Panel Each stage with its own characteristic. This theory has a few flaws. The first flaw is that environmental factors seem to outweigh genetic contributions to …show more content…

The test subject begins to learn that if the bar or button is pushed the result will be a reward (the food pellet). Much of his theory is used today with treating children with autism, and how we are to use positive and negative reinforcement and punishment in the workforce. The flaw that Skinner’s theory poses is that though operant conditioning is useful in some cases, but in some cases it doesn’t always work. Some test subject have been known to fake behavior modification just to receive the rewards of positive reinforcement. Punishment can result in negative behavior and may cause unexpected behavior during positive …show more content…

He saw people as striving to become fully functioning. He considered people as forward moving and socialized. Client-centered therapy is defined as a system of psychotherapy based on the assumption that the patient has the internal resources to improve and is in the best position to resolve his or her own personality dysfunction. As known as Personal client therapy (PCT) the therapist is not there to exert their authority, but to allow the client to openly express themselves in order to come to a resolve. Through allowing the client to selflessly express their feelings and emotional state, the therapist is able to understand and decipher the basis of the client’s anxiety or issue. The PCT has faults. The client is never challenged by anyone to find or show their true ability. There is no involvement from the therapist to give sensible yet sound advice. Though client centered therapy has been around for years and is easy to use, it is difficult to notice its effects due to the fact that the therapist must rely on the client’s behavior before making a conclusive

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Skinner devised the theory of operant conditioning. Operant Conditioning is defined as an important form of learning “in which a learner’s behavior becomes either more or less predictable depending on the consequences it produces” (Singleman & Rider, 2018, p. 42). To better explain, this theory plays out when a learner behaves in a certain way and associates that behavior with either the positive or negative consequences that follow. The idea is that humans tend to continue behaviors that have positive consequences and extinguish those that have negative consequences. Regina George shows exactly how this theory plays out by using positive and negative reinforcement within her friend group to condition them in behaving how she wants them

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Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is an evidence-based psychological therapy. The emphasis is on recognising and modifying negative thoughts and beliefs and maladaptive behaviours, subsequently impacting on mood and emotions. I am a Psychologist and Clinical Hypnotherapist based in Castlebar, Co.Mayo that offers Cognitive Behavioural Therapy sessions to clients based in Castlebar and the wider Mayo hinterland. Cognitive Behavioural Hypnotherapy (CBH) is a combination of cognitive, behavioural and hypnosis interventions.

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Lev Vygotsky is known to be Mozart of Psychology. He was born in Orsha on November 17, 1896 and as he got older, he attended college at Moscow State University. The article What Was Lev Vygotsky 's Influence on Psychology? mentions that in 1917, Vygotsky had graduated with a degree in law an he also had studied a variety of topics while in university such as sociology, linguistics, psychology, and philosophy. Though, Vygotsky’s real work in psychology didn’t begin until 1924 when he had attended the Institute of Psychology in Moscow. Vygotsky was a creative writer and had published six books on psychology topics.

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Skinners experiment was based on operant conditioning, using the concept of discrimination learning, he carried out experiments on animals with the idea that their behaviour is predetermined by their environment and using a well controlled environment would allow him to in turn control their behaviours using a range of triggers. Using reinforcement and expectancy, the animal associates acting out certain behaviours with rewards. (Toates, F., 2010, pp. 165-167) After performing a number of experiments on rats using mazes, he subsequently designed the Skinner box.

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The founder of client centred therapy is considered to be Carl Rogers. “Humanistic” therapies, are the new and improved therapies, many psychologists have agreed to the development, Carl Rogers lead the increase of therapy with his approach. He used client centred therapy to show people that they have power and motivation to help themselves. Carl Rogers believed that for a person to “grow” and that they need to be provided with genuineness (openness and self-disclosure), being seen with unconditional positive regard (acceptance) and they want to be shown that they are being listened to and understood which is empathy. One of Carl Rogers most important contributions was when self actualisation took place, and he believed that every person could

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F. Skinners' (1940-1990) Operant Conditioning theory is does not carry much weight with the humanist as B. F. Skinner theory was originated from Edward Thorndike (1905) studies of learning using a puzzle box to propose the theory known as the 'Law of Effect'. According to (McLeod, Skinner - Operant Conditioning, 2015) "Skinner introduced a new term into the Law of Effect - Reinforcement. Behavior which is reinforced tends to be repeated (i.e. strengthened); behavior which is not reinforced tends to die out-or be extinguished (i.e. weakened). " He studied this by doing experiments using animals in a 'Skinner Box' (see figure 1below).

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Skinner’s theory claims that our behavior is motivated by positive rewards or outcomes, whereas the behavior that brings negative outcomes are not reinforced. Skinner’s theory is focused on external motivation, the action between individual and the environment. The inner sensation is overlooked in his theory. In the case of Yolanda, positive comments from teachers and parents and good grades motivated her to excel at school work. Compliments from parents and teachers increased her self-esteem and therefore she was positively reinforced to study hard and make her parents proud.

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Putting the client as the expert, understanding her story instead of attempting to judge it, in the therapist’s point of view. The therapist must in any point display with utmost care, interest, respectful curiosity, openness, empathy, and fascination. Once this collaborative relationship has been established, the counsellor and the client can move forward and work on how to improve the outcomes of the

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Three core conditions that will aid the therapist in doing so is being congruent, having unconditional positive regard and being emphatic. This paper explores the effectiveness of person-centered therapy in creating therapeutic alliance. It also explores the necessary conditions for constructive personality change to occur, exist and continue over a period of time as well as the personal characteristics that are most important for a person-centered therapist to be genuine and lastly the personal characteristics of the writer, which might assist or hinder ability to work with clients effectively. INTRODUCTION A Discussion of Person-Centered Therapy Person-centered therapy according to (Mearns & Thorne, 1999, p. 5) is the aim of helping a client to undo the ‘personal theory’, which he had formed through his

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Theories of these two cognitive psychologists have been compared and contrasted on different levels. This essay will look into the differences and similarities between their theories. These two psychologist 's theories differ from each other in numerous ways. To begin with, Jean Piaget 's cognitive development theory proposes that children adapt to their environment by actively constructing knowledge as they perceive and explore their surroundings. His theory comprised of four stages of development.

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Although this form of therapy is not for every therapist, I feel that this is something therapists should strive. In the end, our goal is to provide the best services for these clients. Overall, client-centered therapy provides me with a different context and alternative to treatment for my future clients. By providing a caring, safe, and open environment, my clients will be able to relate on a personal level an and feel the empathy and support they need to overcome stressful situations. I feel that this form of therapy will help certain clients achieve the certain goals.

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Supporters and practitioners of CPTED attempt to mobilize clients to become willing participants to attempt to grow the technique (Paranby,

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His approach of studying the development of the human mind was a synthesis of ideas drawn from biology and philosophy. He looked at human beings as biological organisms who must adapt successively to their environment. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development revolutionized the study of children’s cognitive development and it has undergone some revisions over the years. It also provides a set of basic principles to guide our understanding of cognitive development that are found in most recent theories.

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One of the most well known theories in cognitive development is Piaget 's theory. The psychologist Jean Piaget theorized that as children 's minds development, they pass through distinct stages marked by transitions in understanding followed by stability. Piaget describes four different stages of development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operation, and formal operations. Each stage describes the thinking patterns of a child depending on his or her age. In order to compare the thinking processes of a three-year old and a nine-year old using Piaget 's theory, you must compare two sequential stages of cognitive development: preoperational and concrete operations.

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Introduction Cognitive psychology refers to the study of mental processes in terms of its influence on individual behaviour. It explains various principles that deal with acquiring, storing, retaining, using, transforming and communicating information (Galotti, 2008). This branch of psychology has to do with the structure and function of our brain and the higher order processes it facilitates. It involves the way individual 's think, perceive, recognize, memorize and pay attention (Olson, 2013). Jean Piaget 's contribution focused on cognitive development through adolescence and the way individuals understand the world by creating concepts and categorizations.

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