Kant's 1962: The Structure Of Scientific Revolutions

Prior to Kuhn’s 1962, “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions”, Karl Popper and Donald Campbell agreed the existence of specific thought processes derived from the evolutionary theory but, expanded their thinking when determining the scientific method is social (requiring language leading to social interactions which leads to rational endeavors or cognition), according to Wettersten (2016). This advanced from earlier thinking that scientists’ observations were the source of all knowledge (Wettersten). Thomas S. Kant (1962), on the other hand, felt the theories, facts, and methods scientists were compiling were neither historically organized nor were the scientists of a specific field, being educated in a rigorous and rigid manner. Kant believed that normal science problems did not lead to new findings, rather it was addressing only the theoretical side of science (Hacking, 2012) whereby research data was being made to fit in with the existing knowledge. Kant introduces

In further explanation, Kant says that a scientific community is comprised of the “practitioners of a scientific specialty” or what he refers to as the “sociological” aspect. The second part of his definition of paradigm is referred to as “exemplary past achievements”. In simplistic terms, using psychologists or the American Psychological Association (APA) as a specific scientific community, a paradigm would the APA and the science that indicates the Anger-Infused Ultimatum Game is a valid paradigm to induce and assess anger (Gilam, Abend, Shani, Ben-Zion, & Hendler, 2018) making this into a tradition or standard. An anomaly, by definition, is something that deviates from what is standard, normal, or expected. It is Kant’s recognition of anomalies that leads to paradigm shifts and