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Kombucha Case Study

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Chapter V
To study the mechanism of action of Kombucha

5.1: To study the mechanism of action of Kombucha by assessing peripheral utilization of glucose using rat hemidiaphragm

Introduction

Energy homeostasis is maintained by the integrated role of multiple organs and tissues such as the digestive system, pancreas, liver, muscles, adipose tissue and brain. Defects in the sensing energy needs, and the ability to respond appropriately, result in metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. Insulin is responsible for the conversion of simple monomers such as monosaccharides and amino acids into complex macromolecules such as proteins, lipids and glycogen. This is mainly achieved by increasing glucose uptake in liver, muscle and adipose tissue. The liver plays a unique role in normal physiology of the entire systems of the body. In postprandial nutrient metabolism it has first access to most ingested and absorbed nutrients. One of the most important roles of liver is to store and release glucose in fed and fasted conditions. In normal conditions, excess glucose after intake of food substantially leads to …show more content…

Among catechins, gallated catechins are better inhibitors than free catechins (Hara and Honda, 1990). catechin 3-gallates are potent inhibitors of α-glucosidase(Yilmazer-Musa et al., 2012) . Inhibition of alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase by flavonoids has been reported by Tadera et al, (2006). Based on the studies of Pereira et al, (2011), disaccharidases are influenced by flavonoids in the regulation of glucose absorption. Polyphenols has suggested to have efficacy of inhibition of GLUT 2 greater than SGLT1 (Farell et al., 2013). Shimizu et al, (2000) reported that green tea polyphenols, especially epicatechin gallate (ECG), inhibit SGLT1 in a competitive manner interacting as antagonist-like

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The blood seeps in the sinusoids on its way to the hepatic veins, and then to the vena cava. This filtration is ideal for hepatocytes to filter the blood, process and store nutrients, cleanse, and remove debris. 6. Cirrhosis leads to scarring and increased hydrostatic pressure in the hepatic portal vein. Explain why this increased venous pressure causes net filtration to increase in the hepatic capillaries, leading to ascites (swollen and fluid-filled interstitial space of the abdomen).

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The supply of glucose to the brain and immune system is important as competitors constantly rely on instantaneous decision making to ensure they make effective strategic moves. Glucagon is the hormone which ultimately increases blood glucose concentration by breaking down stored glycogen in muscle and fat cells, increasing the breakdown of fats and increasing liver glucose production. Each of these effects lead to an increased amount of glucose present in the bloodstream, meaning more energy for body cells. When the level of glucose in the bloodstream drops, more glucose is required in order to provide ATP for energy. The secretion of insulin by beta cells is inhibited

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There are few vegetables and fruits that turns to the color brown if their surface is exposed to oxygen. Once the veggies or fruits been exposed to oxygen, then the browning begins to appear, and electrons and hydrogen will be removed. This happens because of an enzyme called catechol oxidase. The enzyme will act on its substrate catechol to form a yellow compound which then reacts with the oxygen in the air and change into benzoquinone. The more concentration of the enzyme, the more browning appears.

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The liver is responsible for hundreds of functions; it is the largest and most complex organ in the body. Weighing in at three pounds it sits behind the ribs on the upper right side of the abdomen and almost covers the entire width of the body. Nutrients and energy, the body 's fuel supply, is processed, converted and distributed by the liver. So, if anything obstructs these processes it will have a serious impact on the body as a whole. And the biggest obstacle would be the presence of gallstones.

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Task 1 When you exhale onto a window it steams up because your breath contains water vapour and it causes water vapour to condense forming small water droplets. We breathe in oxygen and some nitrogen which is essential for life. We exhale carbon dioxide that can be tested for limewater because carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form carbonic acid (H2 C03). Glucose is a reactant of respiration.

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Unit 5 Anatomy and Physiology for Health and Social Care P4 Explain the physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in the body The two body systems selected in relation to energy metabolism in the body are the digestive system and cardiovascular system. The digestive system breaks down foods and the cardiovascular system enables absorption and usage of the food. The term energy metabolism in the body relates to chemical reactions that that maintain cells and organisms. It is divided into two categories: catabolism is the breakdown of molecules to obtain energy and anabolism the synthesis of all compounds needed by the cells.

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Our bodies take in the glucose and turn it into energy we can then use. When we let glucose in, we are raising our insulin and glucose levels. Insulin is the hormone in people’s bodies that grants glucose access into our bloodstreams. However, insulin keeps our blood levels from raising or lowering, and it stores the fat to use for energy later on. Unfortunately, people have no control over the insulin function, though they do have control over the types of food they eat that contain certain amounts of glucose.

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This speeds up the transfer of oxygen, water, and glucose,

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Jamba Juice is a smoothie and juice café that is known for their healthy alternatives to sugar packed meals and drinks. When they opened the doors to their first store in 1990 under the name of Juice Club, they were the only free standing healthy juice and smoothie café, similar to what was offered only in small, local health food stores at the time. In 2008 James D. White was hired as the new CEO of Jamba Juice. Bringing his experience from major US food and drug retailer, Safeway, White hoped to come up with a new strategic plan and direction for the company. However, the company faced many difficulties at the time: they had recently entered an area that was in direct competition with the likes of Starbucks and McDonalds, without the financial backing that those restaurants had.

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Introduction Gallbladder is an organ in the body and it is part of the biliary system. It is a pear-shaped muscular sac that is located on the ventral surface of the liver and on the right side of the abdomen. Moreover, it has 3 layers; an outer serous peritoneal layer, a middle smooth muscle layer and the last layer is an inner mucosal layer which is connected to the lining of the bile duct. The main function of the gallbladder is to store and concentrate bile which helps the body to break down and digest fats.

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Role of Enzymes in Metabolic Pathways Summary Metabolic pathways are a sequences of steps found in biochemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is the substrate for the next reaction [3]. Metabolic pathways most likely happen in specific locations in the cell. The control of any metabolic process depends on control of the enzymes responsible for the reactions occur in the pathways. After food is added to the body, molecules in the digestive system called enzymes break proteins down into fats into fatty acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates into simple sugars (for example, glucose). Enzymes plays an important role in the different metabolic pathways [5].

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The nerve supply also comes from her celiac plexus innervating the liver mixture of sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers. These ribs reach the liver by the hepatic artery. Liver Physiology The liver performs many functions in the body such as: • Production of bile: The liver excretes bile to the bile duct and thence to the duodenum. Bile is necessary for digestion of food.

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The adrenals are known for making the hormone adrenaline but also, they make the corticosteroids which affect your metabolism and sexual function. The pancreas is part of the the digestive system and the endocrine system. It makes the hormones insulin and glucagon. These help ensure you have the right amount of sugar in your bloodstream and your cells. If you don 't make any insulin, which is the case for people with type one diabetes, your blood sugar levels can get dangerously high and if the body makes some insulin but not enough, that is type two diabetes.

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