Factors that affect chemical reactions Intro: this experiment is to show us what factors affect the rate of a chemical reaction. Supplies: The Works Liquid Toilet Bowl Cleaner, TUMS antiacid tablets, a non-serrated knife, a spoon, a stirring rod, four test tubes, flame heater, a small beaker for the boiled water, rubber gloves, and safety goggles. Procedure: we filled a beaker 3/4 of the way full with tap water and brought the water to a boil. We then labeled our test tubes 1,2,3,4.
In the above hypotheses, the research done previous to the lab supported the alternate hypotheses for the colored lights in relation to the dim lights, and the null hypothesis for the experiment in which both sides of the chamber had dim light. The dim light on Side B of the chamber would be favored because, in a previous study, D. Melanogaster were exposed to different illuminations, and “their favorite resting, grooming, and feeding places were determined with an infrared-sensitive camera.” Additionally, the study used infrared beams to collect data on the activity levels of the flies during their most active period of the day under different light intensities. Each of these methods demonstrated D. Melanogaster’s preference for dim light occurring “between 5 and 10 Lux” (Rieger et al.).
The light dependent reaction is vital for photosynthesis to take place. There are six stages to this reaction. Stage one breaks down bond in water to form oxygen, while this is taking place electrons are freed along with hydrogen. This stage happens to take place in the thylakoid space. Stage two involves electrons moving to photosystem II.
The first goal of the lab was to identify conserved sequence segments in the ykkCD sensor RNA of Bacillus subtilis. Toxin sensors that do not change throughout evolution have a substantial role for the cell, even significant roles in tetracycline recognition. Using RNA sequences and computer programs, secondary structures of the ykkCD sensors were created. Figure 1 shows a prediction of the secondary structure of a ykkCD senor RNA of Bacillus subtilis that has been conserved throughout its evolution. Figure 1: The secondary structure prediction for Bacillus subtilis ykkCD sensor RNA.
The purpose of this experiment is to study how much light is being absorbed by chloroplasts at different wavelengths for photosynthesis. The other goal is to learn if different color of leaves had different absorbance from green colored-leaves. For this experiment, two different color (purple and green) of Kale (Brassica oleracea var. sabellica) were used in the following experiment. The pigment from each leaves were extracted by grinding the tissue in 5 ml of 100% acetone using a mortar and pestle.
Elements react to the different solution in different ways. Some show a chemical or physical reaction and some don’t show any kind of reaction. By using four elements and four solutions we are trying to see which out of all of these elements is the most reactive. We are trying to determine which element would be the most reactive? The elements are copper, zinc, silver, and magnesium.
Molecules and Light Phet activities URL: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/legacy/molecules-and-light Objective: To observe what happens to the matters when different types of light hit it. To understand the interaction between light and matter, and why it happens. Relating electromagnetic radiation with molecular motion.
Chemistry is the study of matter, especially its chemical reactions. These reactions are created between elements in the periodic table. All elements on the periodic table have unique properties, abilities, and structure. Chemical reactions are usually followed by creation of a precipitate, gas, change in color, or change in temperature. Each element, when bonded with another element will create a unique and new substance.
I can apply this experiment’s concepts to daily life in foods. The majority of chemical reactions that produce heat are combustion reactions. When energy is released, and one gram of a substance is combusted, a fuel value is produced. Fuel values represent heat that is released in a combustion reaction and can be measured by calorimetry. The energy from my body comes from carbohydrates and fats.
Chlorophyll molecules act as a photoreceptor, absorbing the light energy from the sun and converting it to chemical bond energy or Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (May, n.d.).
The photosynthetic process depends on a set of complex protein molecules that are located in and around a highly organized membrane in which chlorophylls- pigments that are responsible for the absorption of light to create energy- are able to capture the sunlight and further transform into glucose and ATP energy. See figure 1. This is because photosynthesis is light dependant, meaning that low intensities become a limiting factor towards the maturation and development of the plant. Therefore, the more sunlight a plant receives
Photosynthesis is broken up into two processes. (2) First in the “light reactions” ATP is synthesized using light energy absorbed by chlorophyll and pigments while water is being broken apart into oxygen and hydrogen ions. (2) The electron of the hydrogen is transferred to NADPH. ATP and NADPH power the
Thylakoids serve as the sites of the conversion of light energy to chemical energy. Granums are dense layered stacks of thylakoid sacs that serve as the sites of conversion of light energy to chemical energy. The Stroma is a dense fluid within the chloroplast that lies outside the thylakoid membrane, it converts carbon dioxide to carbohydrates. The lamellae keeps all of the thylakoid sacs a safe distance from each other so there’s an efficient way to capture the Sun’s energy. Lumens are found in the
Chemical reactions are essential to scientific discovery as they are the basis of new knowledge. Chemical reactions are evident in every aspect of the world, including: nature, the human body, and industrial buildings. Ultimately, there are limited conditions that exist in the world under which a chemical reaction takes place. Furthermore, there are enzymes that have the ability to affect a chemical reaction, and play a huge role in the industrial world. One prime example of this are the bleaches used in the process of making paper or textiles; despite this, some enzymes like biocatalysts could be used to reduce the amount of energy and result in a cleaner more sustainable environment.
Catalytic reduction of p-nitrophenol As a model reaction, we selected the reduction of 4-NP by NaBH4 to 4-AP. The reduction was followed with the aqueous solution in a standard quartz cell with a 1cm path length. The reaction process was as follows: 1.5 mL of 0.15 mM 4-NP was mixed with 1.0 mL of 0.02 M NaBH4 in the cell for UV-Vis measurements. Immediately, the colour change was observed from light yellow to deep yellow. 0.5 mL of AuNPs solution was added to the above mixture. The UV-Vis spectra were recorded with a time interval of 1 min in a scanning range of 200-600nm at ambient temperature (25±20C).
