Prior to the start of the war in the Philippines, Ross Hofmann was stationed at the Cavite Navy Supply Yard. The experiences the author shares include operations as a supply officer in preparation with a possible war with Japan. One unique experience is the hauling of food to storage areas. One of the author’s co-workers named Red, points out that “the smaller buildings are our storage warehouses. Some hold hardware and spare parts, but the bulk of them hold provisions”.
For starters, Hari discusses how society over the years has made misconceptions about addiction, because of this addicts have been wrongfully treated, and blame was placed incorrectly. The author goes on to explain two different stories; both being well known about the prescription drug crisis. One being the fact that even the most powerful drugs such as diamorphine hasn’t caused addiction (Hari). In fact, that didn’t make sense to Hari on how powerful drugs were used in extreme medical cases and through prolonged use none became addicted. This is one of the misconceptions about addiction.
Tom murphy and John Colter both crossed Yellowstone in December. They both went alone with little supplies to explore Yellowstone, but Tom crossed what he knows is Yellowstone almost 200 years later than John, when Yellowstone park didn’t exist. Tom is only doing it for fun and excitement, where John did it to explore. He has a lot more gear that is a lot more advanced unlike John, who probably only had a coat, hat, glove, boots, and maybe a sleeping bag. People know the route Tom took but, no one really knows the route John took.
Klein, Joe. " Beyond a Simple Solution. " Time 184.8 (2014): 30. Web.
Jeff Vandermeer's Annihilation focuses on observation of the individuals and their environment as if it is a social experiment and psychological evaluation. First, the expedition was controlled by "the Southern Reach, the clandestine government agency that dealt with all matters connected to Area X" (Vandermeer 10). The novel begins with four female characters: a biologist, surveyor, psychologist and anthropologist, are told to observe each other and chronicle their experience in a detailed journal. Once the four women reach the "tower or tunnel" the biologist mentions this line, "The discussion of the tower was, in a way, our first opportunity to test the limits of our disagreements and of compromise" (Vandermeer 12). This first section of
The Salem Witch Trials In Cotton Mather’s The Wonders of the Invisible World, we get an insight into how the world worked and thought at the time of the Salem Witch Trials. Mather states, “The New-Englanders are a People of God settled in those, which were once the Devil's Territories,” here we see everyone in the New World thought they were surrounded and always being attacked by the Devil. During the Salem Witch Trials 19 men and women and two dogs were convicted and hung for witchcraft.
(Bassil) He adds “Nobody’s saying that every traumatized person becomes addicted. I’m saying that every addicted person was traumatized.” Moreover, usage of substance especially if it turnes to addiction inevitably affected one’s health and social life. Usage of substance might have excessive amount of detrimental effects on users.
Around 270 million people had used psychoactive drugs in the past year and about 35 million are estimated to be affected by drug abuse disorders. Drug addiction is a chronic disease characterized by drug seeking and use that is compulsive, or difficult to control, despite consequences. It is very common for a person to relapse even after treatment. As a person uses drugs, their brain becomes more adapted to the drug, increasing the tolerance of the person. Long term effects could cause a change in chemical systems and circuits of the brain.
In the article they discuss how teens become addicted more easily, “Their brain chemistry is tuned to be responsive to everything in their environment. … “But this can work in ways that are not so good. Take alcohol, for example. Or nicotine, cannabis, cocaine, ecstasy.” (Knox, The Teen Brain: It's Just Not Grown Up Yet).
Carl Hart is a professor at Columbia University whose focus is on drug addiction. He has a very original view point when it comes to addictions, because he grew up in a community plagued by substance use problems, had used and sold drugs in the past, as well as now being a scientist which allows him to understand a whole other side of substance use. In Hart’s talk he is trying to disband the belief that most people who are involved in substance use will abuse those substances; he shares the statistic that 80-90% of drug users are not addicts, but rather they are individuals that the public would see as contributing members of our society and would never assume that they take part in substance use (3:40-4:15). As he goes on to explain
The interaction of these social and genetic factors can increase the likelihood of addiction and give reason to why people become addicted to substances, such as nicotine. Addiction is a multifaceted disease and one aspect in particular can be attributed to
The disease model of addition is the foundation of Narcotics Anonymous. The disease model posits that the addict has an incurable disease much like diabetes or an allergy; thus, exposure to a substance is viewed as the primary cause of psychological addiction (Narcotics Anonymous, 1983; Jenkins, 2016). N.A. is identified with the spiritual model of treatment (Jenkins & Finner-Williams, 2016). The spiritual model of therapy views addiction as a disease to which persons are defenseless without a “higher-power.” In this view, treatment focuses on the resignation of self, and instead, instruction from a higher power and a spiritual awakening toward recovery (Jenkins & Finner-Williams, 2016).
The biological explanation of the brain in regards to drug addiction is interesting. According to the textbook, "Studies have found convincing evidence that drugs such as alcohol, heroin, and cocaine act directly on the brain mechanisms that are responsible for reward and punishment. " When one use drugs, the drug stimulates the areas of the brain that create the sensation of pleasure and suppress the pleasure of pain, as, a result, the user receives reinforcement to engage in further drug-taking behavior. The psychological explanation of drug abuse, "Focus on either personality disorders or the effects of social learning and reinforcement on drug-taking behaviors."
Drug abuse is caused by psychological, genetic as well as environmental factors and can have significant damaging effects on health. Psychological factors are associated with the development of drug abuse. Drug abuse often occurs
Addiction is the reliance on a routine. There are many addictive stages. Addiction, as it comes along, becomes a way of life. The persistent use of the substance causes to the user serious physical or psychological problems and dysfunctions in major areas of his or her life. The drug user continues to use substances and the compulsive behavior despite the harmful consequences, and tries to systematically avoid responsibility and reality, while he or she tends to isolate himself/herself from others because of guilt and pain (Angres, & Bettinardi-Angres, 2008).
