Sense Of Hopelessness

Loneliness People experience loneliness as a negative emotion that arises from a discrepancy between desired and achieved levels of social contact (Tan et al., 2013). One can experiences loneliness whether they are surround by several people or not; Tan, Pamuk, and Donder (2013) proposed that the multiplicity of social relations does not matter, instead the quality of these interactions matter. The absences of satisfying needs for attachment and belonging may increase the levels of loneliness one will experience (Reid & Reid, 2007). Lonely individuals can feel empty, or angry. Loneliness can motivate individuals seek interaction in social situations, or it can decrease this motivation and create a sense of hopelessness (Pearlman & Peplau, 1981). Jin and Park (2010) found individuals with more face to face interactions were less likely to have high levels of loneliness, and mobile phone calling was associated with greater levels of loneliness. They also noted that students reported that affection and inclusion were motivating factors for using voice calls and text messaging, and those with high levels of loneliness were less likely to use their mobile phones for interpersonal purposes. Reid and Reid (2007) reported that lonely mobile phone users were less likely to text and preferred making calls on their phones. Students who reported using their mobile phones more scored higher

Thomee, Harenstam, and Hagberg (2011) found that high frequency of mobile phone usage could be a risk for developing sleep disturbances, a trait of insomnia. Text messaging, surfing the web and calling were correlated with sleep difficulties and the severity of insomnia (Fossum et al., 2014; Lemola et al., 2013). Overuse of mobile phones for over five hours per day was associated with shorter sleep duration and the development of insomnia than the use of less than one hour (Tamura et al.,