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Pepsin In Tube 1 Lab Report

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Pepsin had its greatest activity in Tube 1 where it was combined with 2 drops of HCl. Tube 1 had a more opaque and cloudy beige color as compared to the other tubes. This makes sense as pepsin is an enzyme produced by chief cells that are found in the stomach. Originally, when the proenzyme pepsinogen mixes with the hydrochloric acid from the gastric juice, it becomes pepsin. Pepsin works best at the acidity of gastric juice, also known as stomach acid. In the stomach, it helps digest proteins from food into peptides successfully. B. Bile salts are cholesterol derivatives used to emulsify fats. With the help of bile salts, fat physically breaks down into droplets to let the lipase enzyme break down the fat. In this experiment, bile salts were added into Tube 4 and Tube 5. Tube 4 and Tube 5 were first avocado green and cobalt blue, respectively. At the end of the 15-minute duration, Tube 4 was a mustard yellow, and Tube 5 was still the same shade of blue. The color change to yellow meant that acids were produced during fat digestion. Pancreatin was only presented in Tube 4, so the color …show more content…

On the other hand, the volume pulse wave is a recording of the changes of blood volume in an artery during one cycle of the heart. The dicrotic notch from the volume pulse wave, in which pressure increases, occurs at the same time as the QRS complex from the EKG where depolarization of the ventricles occurs. “A” from the volume pulse wave, when the contraction of the ventricle initiates pressure to the blood, occurs at the same time as the EKG’s T wave, repolarization of the muscle fibers of the ventricles. Lastly, “B” from the volume pulse wave occurs at around the same time as “P” on the EKG recording. This means that the peak pressure applied to blood happens at the same time as the depolarization across the heart muscle fibers of the left and right

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The cardiac cycle is the coordination of the filling and exhausting of blood by electrical signals that cause the heart muscles to contract and unwind. The contraction of the heart is directed by a nerve drive that goes from the SA node to AV node to AV group to Purkinje fibers to the myocardium. Amid the cardiac cycle, the heart contracts by means of systole, pushing blood out of the heart, and unwinds through diastole, filling the heart with blood. Cardiomyocytes, or cardiac cells, are striated and are in charge of the pumping of the heart; they are the main muscle cells with intercalated plates. The heart's inner pacemaker controls and times the thumping of the heart by means of electrical signals.

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The pressure reading of the ejection of blood into the arteries is known as the arterial systolic pressure. It is also the highest blood pressure observed during the systolic period of the heart contraction. Diastolic pressure is the decrease in pressure after the systolic, as the heart prepares for another beat. It is also the lowest blood pressure observed during the diastolic period during heart contraction. The average systolic pressure of a healthy adult is 120 millimeters of Mercury (mmHg) and average diastolic pressure is 80 millimeters of Mercury (mmHg).

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The phenomenon of vein pulsation The venous retinal pulsation is occurring due to the blood pressure difference in the central retinal vein. The pressure difference occurs due to the condition of the systole and diastole pressure. The following are experimental studies carried out so far on physician experiment set-ups and existing theoretical models considered, wave surface with the Pulsations phenomena of collapsible vessels in the body deal.

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• P waves: Consistent, normal in morphology (if no atrial disease), Upright • P–R interval: Between 0.12–0.20 seconds and shortens with increasing heart rate • QRS complex: Less than 0.12 seconds, consistent, and normal in morphology. The heart rate with low bpm can cause a cardiac output with symptoms such as dizziness, Syncope, lightheadedness, vertigo, and hypotension. The slow heart rate may also lead to a trial,

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The heart pumps blood round a complex route of many vessels. This brings about a resistance and generates pressures within the system. This pressure in the blood is high when the left ventricle is contracting and working and it reduces when it is at rest. The pressure is high also when blood is pumped into the artery to be distributed all over the body.

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Introduction: The general purpose of this experiment was to see how different conditions affected blood pressure and pulse rate. Blood pressure is defined as the force exerted on a vessel wall, and is expressed in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) (Marieb). Systolic pressure is the pressure in an artery at the peak of ventricular systole, or contraction, where blood is being ejected out of the artery. Diastolic pressure is the pressure in an artery at the end of ventricular diastole, when blood fills the chamber.

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The three principal secretions of the stomach would include, Hydrochloric Acid, Pepsin and Mucus. The function of hydrochloric acid is

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An ECG is the conventional method for noninvasive interpretation of the electrical activity of the heart in real-time. The electrical cardiac signals are recorded by an external device by attaching electrodes to the outer surface of the skin of the patient’s thorax. These currents stimulate the cardiac muscle and cause the contractions and relaxations of the heart. The electrical signals travel through the electrodes to the ECG device which records them as characteristic waves. Different waves reflect the activity of different areas of the heart which generate the respective flowing electrical currents.

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This pressure produces when the heart contracts during the heartbeat cycle, which forces blood out

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In the stomach, milk proteins casein and whey mix with HCL and pepsinogen. HCL is secreted by parietal cells which line the walls of the stomach. Pepsinogen is secreted by gastric chief cells, becoming active when contacting HCL. HCL causes proteins to denature. Casein and whey are now accessible to pepsin (the active form of pepsinogen) to be broken down into peptides for easier digestion in the small intestine.

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