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Photoperiodism

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Title: The effect that photoperiodism has on the reproductive systems of birds
Photoperiod can be explained as the time a plant or animal is exposed to light in a 24-hour period. (En. Wikipedia.org.2018) How have birds adapted to reproduce depending on the photoperiod and why have they adapted for reproduction to take place when the days become longer i.e. more exposure to light? Day length and knowledge of the season and of the year, is vital to many animals. Biological and behavioural changes are dependent on this knowledge. Along with temperature changes, photoperiod provokes changes in colour of fur and feathers, sexual behaviour and even the resizing of sexual organs. (En.wikipedia.org.2018)

Day length influences the reproductive …show more content…

Another experiment was carried out to test this theory. Two experiments were conducted to establish the functional role of the cloacal gland and its foam in natural mating and oviductal sperm transport. ‘In the first experiment, artificial insemination of equal numbers of spermatozoa diluted in foam extract and normal saline once in a week were used to determine the role of foam in sperm transport in the female oviduct. After artificial insemination, eggs were collected to measure fertility, the duration of the fertile period, sperm holes and attached spermatozoa in the perivitelline membrane. Higher (P<0.05) fertility and greater duration of the fertile period were observed when semen was inseminated along with foam extract compared with normal saline. Further, the sperm holes and trapped spermatozoa in the perivitelline membrane were also higher (P<0.05) in the presence of foam extract. In the second experiment, two males with bigger and smaller cloacal gland areas were allowed to mate with a female. The mating attempts of males with larger cloacal gland were more successful (P<0.05) than males with smaller cloacal glands.’ (Singh RP, e.2018) The cloacal gland helps with the process of successful fertilization of the female egg as the cloacal foam improves the sperm transport in the female oviduct. Also, larger cloacal gland areas are preferred during mating. This is a smart and useful adaptation that birds have as the growth is only stimulated when the days become longer thus meaning the seasons are changing and the weather will be getting better. Resulting in the offspring having a better chance of survival with more food

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