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Ponterotto's Model

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Ponterotto’s model is specifically formulated for European American counselors in training (Ponterotto, 1988). The Preexposure stage refers to trainees being comfortable with the existing status of multicultural issues. The Exposure stage is when trainees become aware of various issues related to racism and diversity. The Zealot-Defensive stage is characterized by a rejection of one’s own ethnicity in favor of minorities. Integration, the final stage, produces a balanced perspective as emotions are balanced and cultural awareness increases. According to Hays and Erford (2014), “Awareness of this model may help White counselor trainees reflect on their cultural identity development and the manner in which associated information processing strategies affect values, beliefs, worldviews, and interactions with clients” (p. 41). Poston’s biracial identity …show more content…

The key model consists of types of gender identity for European American males (Scott & Robinson, 2001). The Noncontact type involves little awareness of race, and social norms are accepted. The Claustrophobic type blames women and other ethnicities for their lack of success. An event causes the Conscious type to recognize racism and sexism within society. The Empirical type recognizes a personal role in the problem of racism and sexism within society, while the Optimal type understands the benefits of diversity and is committed to honoring the rights of others. The Downing and Roush (1985) model is a feminist model similar to the key model, involving five stages. The Passive Acceptance stage is an acceptance of traditional female roles or an unawareness of discrimination. A crisis brings about the Revelation stage wherein an examination of gender roles takes place. The Embeddedness-Emanation stage is defined by involvement in supportive and affirming female groups. Synthesis is when a personal identity and feminist identity are infused. The Active Commitment stage is the advocacy

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