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Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing

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Animal testing is not necessary due to available alternative methods, and using Russell and Burch's 3 R's of animal testing, animal testing can be diminished. The roots of animal testing lie in early Greek research (Ross-Fichtner and Noble 16-19). Scientists including Aristotle and Galen performed experiments on animals to advance anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology (Ross-Fichtner and Noble 16-19). Since then, animal testing has become the main route to supply greater understanding in medical research, chemical toxicity, and cosmetic safety. Berggren says that "Safety assessment for repeated dose toxicity is one of the largest challenges in the process to replace animal testing." Burden states that "The development and application of alternative methods, and the questioning of traditional approaches, has potential to drive better scientific practices." There are many alternative methods that are either available for use at this time or, with more research, will be available for use in the future; these methods can be used to eliminate animal testing. New methods and research studies rely less on …show more content…

Some of these non-animal methods have already contributed towards our understanding of the relationships between dose and biological response (Burden, Sewell, and Chapman 1-8). "In vitro" studies are studies conducted on animal or human cells (Zurlo 31-34). The term "in vitro" literally means "in glass" and refers to testis carried out on components of living material cultured in petri dishes or test tubes (Zurlo 31-34). In vitro cultures of bacteria are much cheaper than whole-animal tests (Russell and Burch n. pag.). Vivo studies are studies on whole, living animals (Zurlo 31-34). The focus on animal testing is shifting from vivo studies to in vitro studies (Zurlo

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The publisher’s intended audience are people who advocate for the rights of animals and are searching for different methods of testing products. The purpose is to inform the people that animal testing is “old school” compared to the new innovative ideas. They want the people to be aware that these experimentations are not successful with the animals nor when they are tested on humans.

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Scientific Boundaries In Mary Shelley's Frankenstein

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Scientist have been overstepping boundaries in many parts of the scientific world, one of these being animal testing. Animal testing is when scientist test on animals and inject them or mutate their genes for a human gain, typically with no gain for the animal. The National Library of Medicine posted an article on the flaws and harms of animal experimentation, these flaws can be put in these, “...three major conditions undermine this confidence and explain why animal experimentation, regardless of the disease category studied, fails to reliably inform human health: (1) the effects of the laboratory environment and other variables on study outcomes, (2) disparities between animal models of disease and human diseases, and (3) species differences in physiology and genetics.” The first condition being the influence of laboratory procedures and environments on experimental results. The conditions in these experiments show that, “animals in laboratories are involuntarily placed in artificial environments, usually in windowless rooms, for the duration of their lives.

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For example, in vitro cell culture is a good way to screen the compounds at early stages. Utilization of the human hepatocyte culture gives the information about how a drug would be metabolized and eliminated from the body. Inclusion of such method in study design avails to eliminate unsuitable compounds in preliminary stages only and minimizes the utilization of animals in further tastings (Kimber et al., 2001). Live animals and embryos are utilized to study effects of some compounds on embryo development. In vitro embryonic stem cell culture test avails to reduce the number of live embryo used and the compounds which are toxic toward developing

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Persuasive Essay: The Role Of Animal Testing In The World

643 Words | 3 Pages

Animal Testing has been a very controversial topic for decades. Throughout history, animal testing has played a major role in leading to many new medicines and discoveries. Most of the world participates in these experiments, with the aims of achieving the most modern technologies. Animal testing needs to be continued to advance our science and medicines, and to continue to save millions of lives.

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The Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing

569 Words | 3 Pages

Companies should reconsider the usefulness and dependency of animal testing when it comes to its benefits to humankind. There are tests called in-vitro which detect the specific toxic properties of a drug or chemical by using human cells. Due to using human cells the results will be more accurate and relevant for us. Even though animals have benefited from certain medical trials, for instance the rabies vaccination, they still have to go through harsh experiments over and over again to make sure the vaccination

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Experiments on animals are also expensive and a waste of the government’s research dollars. Through taxes, charitable donations, purchases of lottery tickets, and consumer products, members of the public, ultimately, are the ones who – knowingly or unknowingly – fund animal experimentation. William Russell and Rex Burch came up with the “3Rs” principle in their book, The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. The three r’s stand for: reduce, refine, or replace. In the context of animal research, they encourage test methods to reduce animal use required for testing while still achieving testing objectives.

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The Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing

369 Words | 2 Pages

Animal testing goes as far back to greek philosophers such as Aristotle (384 – 322 BC) and Erasistratus (304 – 258 BC). Whom once performed testing on animals to advance behavior of something or who aspired to alter brain activity. However there was scientists such as Galen (129 – 199 / 217 AD), who used animals in order to attempt to improve various human activity within the body. Specifically focusing on cures and treatment for those who don't have them. Later, Ibn Zuhr began to use animal testing to benefit humans in which he would perform surgeries on them to ensure that the procedures would not harm humans.

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Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing

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Opponents to alternative methods will say they don’t exist, or when they do they don’t operate at the caliber research demands. They’ll claim living organisms are too complex to properly replicate these studies, and even though alternatives uphold animal welfare, they don’t provide adequate results. Sounds compelling, but hear me out, there are benefits to in vitro studies. Pharmacologist and biomedical scientist Kara Rogers PhD. states: “In vitro tests are capable of producing information about the biological effects of a test compound that are as accurate –and in some cases more accurate than–information collected from studies in whole animals.” Furthermore, as Núria Almiron and Natalie Khazaal point out, the justifications provided by the vivisection industry are merely a game of semantics.

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The Pros And Cons Of Animal Experimentation

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Scientist have developed a new alternative to animal testing this include using human cells and tissues this is known as in vitro method, advanced computer-modeling techniques known as silico models, and studies with human volunteers. Researchers have developed a wide range of computer models that imitates human biology and the development of diseases. Studies have shown that these replicas can accurately predict the ways that new drugs will react in the human body and replace the use of animals in research projects and many standard drug tests. Another alternative is using materials that are already known to be safe. These materials have already been tested and are totally safe and don’t involve any new testing.

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Pro Animal Testing Essay

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Our vast knowledge in science and the human anatomy has resulted in amazing medical breakthroughs and practices. Despite that being said, it is troubling to know that animal experimentation is still being practiced in this day and age. For further understanding, animal experimentation, also known as animal testing, is where scientists run tests on animals for the medical and safety purposes that would benefit society as a whole (6). Today, animal testing serves purpose for product safety, biomedical research and education. In terms of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, manufacturers are required to have their products before having it in the market (fda.gov).

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Animal Testing In Medical Research

1866 Words | 8 Pages

Henceforth, as animal testing increased, so did the controversy surrounding it (“Animal testing,” n.d.). Moreover, with the help of animal testing, various treatments and medicines are developed for unconventional diseases. Although animal testing may seem ruthless, animals are used for experimental research that contributes to science if there are no other possible substitutes. Animal testing is a debatable topic that still continues to be one until this time. Animal experimentation should persist because it saves human’s life from diseases, ensures cosmetics’ safety, and improves medical

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Persuasive Speech: Animal Testing Around The World Today

793 Words | 4 Pages

Human beings desperately need animal testing for the development of cures as well as for the sake of civilisation. If it wasn’t for animal testing, human beings would not be alive today. Animal testing has played a significant role in developing numerous medications that are absolutely necessary for us to live such as antibiotics, penicillin, and

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Argumentative Essay: Should Animal Testing Be Banned?

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It is true that animal testing requires a lot of investment. Not only that money is spent on advanced technologies, it is also spent to pay for scientists’ expertise on this particular field. In order for the scientists to do their research, they need suitable equipment and substances. Every year, the National institutes of Health finances between $12 billion to $14.5 billion on animal testing as indicated in a study done by the government (Bastach, 2013). Besides, scientists need to consider the fact that animals need to be sheltered, fed and cared for to keep them alive.

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Animal testing is a phrase that most people have heard but are perhaps still unsure of exactly what it involve. Whether it is called animal testing, experimentation or research, it should be defined as all testing methods on animals including, medical exploration, cosmetics, toxicology trialing, and psychological examination involving animal subjects. It is used to assess the safety and effectiveness of medications and beauty products as well as understanding how the human physiology works. While supporters believe it is necessary practice, those against animal testing believe that it involves torture and suffering to animals. Medical research is the hardest case of proposition in the debate whether animal testing should be banned or not, since it has previously yielded substantial benefits for humanity.

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Why Do We Value Animals Essay

872 Words | 4 Pages

Over twenty five million animals are killed in the United States for animal testing. The specific type of animals used depends upon the type of test that is performed. There are three main purposes of animal testing. First is to advance scientific knowledge about animals themselves. Second is to use animals as models for studying human diseases, such as viruses, and the effectiveness of human medicine, Third is to use animals as toxicity testing of drugs , food, cosmetics, and household chemicals; these experiments tells us whether a particular manufactured substance might be harm or even lethal for humans.

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