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Peekaboo, Hide-And Seek Analysis

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Introduction As quoted by the psychoanalyst D.W. Winnicott, “It is a joy to be hidden, and disaster not to be found.” Hide-and-seek games involve temporary separations and reunions, and are thus games of relationships (Israelievitch, 2008). Peekaboo uses the fundamental structure of all good jokes - surprise, balanced with expectation. Stafford 2014 Hide-and-Seek According to Israelievitch (2008) the game of peekaboo played between mothers and infants is the earliest form of hide-and-seek. It is a game that has been played around the world for multiple generations, crossing cultural and language barriers. It is played mainly with infants, in which the one player hides their face, and then returns into the others’ view. As in peekaboo, hide-and-seek is a game of hiding, searching and finding, of temporary separations and reunions between the players. It is proposed by developmental psychologists that peekaboo demonstrates an infant’s inability to grasp the concept of object permanence. Object permanence can be defined as ‘the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed’ (Wikipedia, 2016). According to the cognitive developmental theory of Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget, object permanence develops at the Fourth Substage of the Sensorimotor Stage. This is the …show more content…

This test observed patterns in the infants’ experiences of separation and reunion with their mother, and their reaction to a stranger, in order to evaluate the type of attachment relationship the infant shared with their mother (Ainsworth, 1978). Ainsworth found a significant consistency between the mothers’ interactive styles and the reactions of the infants. The results of this test led Ainsworth to classify the behaviours into three main categories. She identified the infants to have secure attachment, or one of two forms of insecure attachment, avoidant or ambivalent (Music,

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(Carpenter and Huffman, 2013 p.278) In her studies of infants, she placed the mother in a room with the child (securely attached), then introduced a stranger to the child(anxious/ambivalent), then the mother would leave the room leaving the stranger with the child(anxious/avoidant), then mother would return (disorganized/disoriented attachment). Observations of the child's reactions towards the mother and stranger in each of these segments were analyzed. From this, Ainsworth was able to conclude the bonding the child had toward their mother. The more attached the child, the more they responded to the mother coming and going, either by clinging, crying or following.

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Ainsworth found 3 patterns of attachment: secure, avoidant, and ambivalent. Secure attachment is when the mother is a safe place for the child. Avoidant attachment is when the child avoids the mother, as if they are upset

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Trickery and deceit is the way of life. But love somehow played a huge part in Much Ado About Nothing,simply because this story was full of conflicts that soon became solutions because of the fact that trickery and deceit was used as a plan that changed everything of a lifetime. The wonders of trickery and deceit lie across the storyline of the real question of what it really means?.In other words a little white lie sums up what trickery is, But persuasion is another saying of deceit.

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Although we are studying theories, some of them appear to explain human behavior and personality with certain accuracy. John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth theories of attachment can also explain what happens to people when attachment to their parents or caregivers is healthy or potential problems that could occur due to detachments. They suggest that individuals raised with secure attachments to their primary caregivers help them to feel secure; moreover, these children appear to be more socially skilled and less likely to experience major emotional disturbances. However, failure to form healthy attachments, especially mother-child, could serve as a descriptive mechanism for many negative psychological outcomes later in the life of an individual,

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Attachment theory established an infant 's earliest relationship with their primary caregiver shaped their development and reflects on their self-esteem (Bowlby, 129), according to Bowlby, the development of attachment affected by the relationship with the caregiver in early age (birth to age 6 weeks), and then the child grows older and begin to understand his parent 's feelings. Also, he needs to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for the child 's successful social, psychological, and emotional development. In insecure or avoidant attachment the infant is "indifferent and seems to avoid the mother or the primary caregiver, they are as

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With research, it has become apparent that there is a correspondence between mothers and children on the basis that attachment. Attachment depends on the reaction from mothers to her child’s emotional cues. (Feldman, 2012, Chapter

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A secure attachment is ideal for what mothers want to form with their infants. When an infant and mother are able to form a healthy bond it has been proven to have a secure attachment in their future adult relationships. Another one of Bowlby’s attachment style discussed in a journal (2013) described an anxious-avoidant child as an insecure, the child will ignore the care giver and will not explore much that is in their surroundings. This causes the infant to want the attention from the mother and not have the confindence in their relationship to reach out into exploring other relationship- this is what a child of divorce can feel from the drama of losing a caregiver (Kolette & Rebecca, 2013). The next attachment style is anxious-resistant; this attachment style causes the infant to want their mother or caregiver but they are upset and anger to that they left to the infant pulls away when trying to be soothed.

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Piaget’s theory of cognitive development states four stages of cognitive development. During the first Sensorimotor Stage which Piaget

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The babies were visited monthly and the carers were also observed and interviewed. A diary was also kept by the primary care giver (usually the mother) three measure were recorded. The first was stranger anxiety – the response to the arrival of a stranger, the second was separation anxiety – the distress levels when separated from the career and the degree of comfort upon their return and finally social referencing – the degree that the child looks at the carer to check how they should respond to something new (this is referred to as secure base). They discovered that a baby’s attachment follows in this sequence. • 0-6 weeks – Asocial –

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Infants tend to form an attachment for safety and security with a certain individual how usually its primary caregiver, which is usually the mother. There are four types of attachment and among the four secure attachment, avoidant attachment, ambivalent attachment, and disorganized-disoriented attachment. The four attachment develop on how much the level of response is given to them. When the child cries and how well the parents reacts each time, create a pattern that child will use in developing relationships in the future. A Secure attachment child, see their mothers as their security and comfort zone.

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A human baby is born with poorly developed sight and is unable to move. As a consequence to this he is vulnerable and is completely dependent on a carer for survival (Winston, 2003). To improve the chances of survival, the baby is born with pre-programmed and automatic behaviour which are prompted by environmental factors (Bergen, 2008). Bowlby theorised that when a young child feels distressed, frightened or confused, attachment behaviour is triggered and this serves to bring the child closer to their mother* who provides the desired comfort, care and protection (Bowlby,

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The experiment was done in a room with a one way glass to observe the infant. Different situations were given to the infant to determine the infant’s attachment style, the mother of the infant would leave the room and the infant would be left with the experimenter or the experimenter would leave the room and leave the mother and infant alone. How the infant reacts to the situation is used to determine the attachment style of the infant. Infants with secure attachment style would be distressed every time the mother would leave, the infant avoids the stranger when the mother leaves and when the mother returns the infant becomes happier. Infants with ambivalent attachment attachment style get distressed whenever the mother leaves, and avoids the stranger when left alone.

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Attachment in early life is a fundamental aspect of child development and the establishment of intimate and reciprocal relationships with caregivers. Shaffer & Kipp (2007) define attachment as ‘a close emotional relationship between two persons, characterized by mutual affection and a desire to maintain proximity’. Contrary to the original view of infant attachment as a ‘secondary drive’ of the dependency on caregivers for physiological needs, such as hunger; Bowlby (1969, 1973) proposed that all infants are born with an innate bias to form an attachment to a primary attachment figure to whom they can seek comfort, or a ‘secure base’ during stressful circumstances. It is proposed by Ainsworth (1967) that parental sensitivity is crucial to shaping the security and development of the initial infant-parent attachment relationship, however the phenomenon of attachment requires both infants and caregivers to contribute in the formation of the attachment bond. Ultimately, the quality of attachment in early life shapes both the social and emotional

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The first stage of Piaget’s Cognitive Development theory is the Sensorimotor Stage, which he states takes place from birth

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