Queen Victoria was the British monarch from 1837 to 1901. This period, referred to as the Victorian era, was a time of rapid scientific progress both in Britain and elsewhere. For the first time, science was seen as a profession in its own right; the very term "scientist" was a Victorian invention, originally proposed by William Whewell in 1840. Major discoveries were made during Victorian times in all branches of science, including physics, astronomy, natural history and medicine. In the 1860s, the Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell produced a set of equations that consolidated everything that was known at the time about electricity and magnetism. he calculations, based on anomalies in the orbit of Uranus, were first carried out in 1843