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Review: Procedural Justice And Policing By Tom Tyler

752 Words4 Pages

To: Representative Katie Porter
From: Joshua Chambers, UC Irvine
Date: February 27th, 2023
Re: Findings from Tom Tyler's (2017) study on legitimacy’s role in improving public safety Background
As a concerned citizen of our community, I am writing to draw your attention to the urgent need to prioritize police legitimacy to promote public safety. While there are many factors that contribute to crime, one that is often overlooked is the role of police legitimacy. A favorable public perception of the law promotes public safety.
Overview
Tom Tyler's study “Procedural Justice and Policing: A Rush to Judgment?” highlights the importance of police legitimacy in promoting public safety. According to Tyler, police legitimacy refers to the public's perception …show more content…

By using previously scrutinized data, his conclusions can be made easier by connecting proven data rather than using unproven data to make a point. He examines various factors that influence police legitimacy, including perceptions of procedural justice, trust in the police, and experiences of discrimination or bias. The impact of social and economic conditions on policing, such as poverty, unemployment, and racial inequality are also taken into account. By analyzing these factors, Tyler identifies several key strategies for improving police legitimacy and promoting public …show more content…

He finds that when the police are viewed as legitimate, members of the public are more likely to comply with the law and cooperate with the police in solving crimes. He points out that “studies also support the argument that single experiences can have an impact on attitudes or behaviors [with police] (Tyler 36).
He also highlights the impact of social and economic conditions on policing, such as poverty, unemployment, and racial inequality. He argues that these factors can contribute to

negative perceptions of the police and undermine trust in law enforcement. Tyler emphasizes the need to address these underlying social and economic conditions as part of a broader strategy to promote police legitimacy and public safety.
He finds that there is strong evidence to support the idea that police legitimacy is a crucial factor in promoting public safety. Studies have shown that when the police are viewed as legitimate, crime rates tend to be lower, victimization rates tend to be lower, and community cooperation with law enforcement tends to be higher.

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Furthermore, Police Officers are held to higher standards than others employed in public service because they alone have the power to limit individual freedom. Another effort to increase legitimacy with the citizens of Dallas is the Law Enforcement Code of Ethics and the Canons of Police Ethics that provides officers with a philosophical en ethical basis for the Dallas Police Department rules and regulations. The provisions of the Code of Conduct shall be observed by all members of the Department in order to maintain the confidence, respect, and support of the public. Police Legitimacy reflects on how the public perceives officers and what they can do to improve or erode those perceptions. In the city of Dallas, there is about one patrol officer for every thousand citizens, as a result, the impact that every single Dallas Police Officers makes on the citizens that we served represent the Police Department in general.

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The organizational purpose from the Spokane, Portland, Houston, and Madison Police Departments are different in ways such as their mission, goals, and objectives. This is mainly because of their geographical locations as well as the needs of the community and the resources of each department (Cordner, 2016). Another reason is that while these four departments work to ensure the preservation of life, property, and maintaining order, they may not possess the same core values. While all four of these departments have the mission of community policing and protecting citizens constitutional rights, only Portland and Houston express their goal of preserving life, protecting property, and maintaining order. The Madison Police Department is not

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“...Much of the recent crime increase threatens the vitality of America’s cities–and thousands of lives–it is not, in itself, the greatest danger in today’s war on cops. The greatest danger lies, rather, in the delegitimation of law and order itself’ (Mac Donald). In the book “The War on Cops: How the New Attack on Law and Order Makes Everyone Less Safe,” published in the year of 2016, author Heather Mac Donald provides credible evidence to expand on her viewpoint of our country’s current criminal crisis. In addition to “The War on Cops, Mac Donald has written two other books. Her works “Are Cops Racist?”

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Furthermore, according to research conducted by the United States Department of Justice, communities with high levels of disorder possess a more negative outlook on the police (National Institute of Justice, 2003). With Flint being one of the more violent and dangerous towns in Michigan, this further decrease the trust in the police to act impartially and to protect them. This also reaffirms my changed perspective on the police in being appreciative for their incredible efforts and

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Starting on the path of positive development, increased visibility of police officer’s conduct allows for them to not only be held accountable for any misconduct, but realize that potential is there and thus, change their actions accordingly. The prevalence of camera phones allows the public to become “citizen journalists” and record events happening around them, while uploading these recordings on social media, allows a vaster public eye to discuss (and form opinions on) the situation from a secondary view (Brown, 2016, p.293). These online discussions which then form movements, petitions and hashtags do not go unnoticed by officers. Instead, they have a significant impact on how they conduct themselves during risky situations with offenders. In, The Blue Line on Thin Ice: Police Use of Force Modifications in the Era of Cameraphones and YouTube, Brown goes into an account of a Canadian “street cop” responding to a call about a problematic drunken man who had

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The felt injustice is statistically supported, as police reforms across the United States, including Atlanta (“APD policy and practice updates”, 2020), have expanded since 2020 to increase de-escalation training, increase knowledge of implicit bias, and include crisis intervention training, while simultaneously the number of individuals killed by police hit a record-high in 2023 (Campaign Zero, 2024). A clear illustration of this has occurred during the protests and demonstrations against Cop City, as over 40 individuals have been charged with domestic terrorism without bond, 61 individuals have been charged with racketeering (a charge created for mafia members and used against organized crime)(Bruce & Shamsi, 2023), and one individual was shot 13 times and murdered at the hands of police officers while sitting with their legs crossed and hands raised in the air (Remembering Tortuguita,

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An article written by the Journalist’s Resource gives facts and statistics about the recent shootings of unarmed black men. It analyzes reasons why police shootings have gone up and why some people are defending this brutality. One statistic reads, “Social scientists who have done extensive field research and interviews note the deep sense of mistrust embedded in many communities” (Journalist’s Resource). In other words, this information indicates that society does not trust the police to protect them. Another interesting point is that the police are put in place to protect people's rights, yet speaking out against them, creates more police brutality.

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This has been a huge problem with police and citizens for decades with the mistrust of police, especially in urban areas where there is a lot of racial tensions. And according to Ariel, Farrar, and Sutherland (2014), theorized that since there is that “big brother” concept with someone always overlooking the police and citizens, which lead to police tending to be more civil and try to be less aggressive. Also, the citizens tend to be me more respectful and comply more to police when the police officers show more respect to the citizens during their interactions. Otu, (2016), also theorized that the quality of policing builds a better relationship with citizens and police which reduces the need of excessive force. BWCs also may deter potential offenders who don’t want to be arrested when there is clear evidence against them that they cannot dispute (Ariel, Farrar & Sutherland,

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Plain and simply put, if the community can’t trust law enforcement, then when law enforcement does something that looks even remotely out of line, the community’s perspective of them will get worse. Another thing I learned, was that many people hate all law enforcement because they had one bad encounter with an officer. From an educated perspective it seems unfair and even laughable that this would be the case, but the proof was real. One bad encounter with law enforcement and that person can correlate it to every law enforcement officer they ever encounter again. The strongest answer I found to the negative association with police officers was media manipulation for ratings.

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Sadly, during the last few years the relationship between the community and its police has significantly deteriorated. This has been due to the way some officers have handled certain situations in which the use of violence or deadly force could have been avoided. Because of this, some sectors of the community no longer trust their police; such distrust has gotten to the point that they rather take matters into their own hands than calling them for help. Although not all officers misbehave and abuse their power “it only takes one bad apple to spoil the bunch”. The media has also contributed in promoting the idea that most cops are bad by transmitting, over and over, videos of police officers abusing their power.

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Tyler • The police need public support and cooperation to be effective in their order-maintenance role, and they particularly benefit when they have the voluntary support and cooperation of most members of the public, most of the time. • Voluntary support and cooperation is linked to judgments about the legitimacy of the police • A key antecedent of public judgments about the legitimacy of the police and of policing activities involves public assessments of the manner in which the police exercise their authority • One way to approach the relationship between the police and the public is to consider how the public impacts on the effectiveness of the police in their efforts to combat crime and maintain social order • In the case of police effectiveness in fighting crime, evidence suggests that police innovations in the management of police services may have contributed to the widespread declines in crime reported in major American cities during recent decades • Weber argued that the ability to issue commands that will be obeyed did not rest solely on the possession or ability to deploy power. • A legitimacy-based strategy of policing increases cooperation with the law by drawing on people’s feelings of responsibility and

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According to the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, departments that serve less than 2,500 people are 84.4% white and departments that serve millions are 53.4% white (as cited in Fifield, 2016). Notably, Over the years, a lack of diversity within law enforcement has become a pertinent issue. Notably, the underrepresentation of minorities within law enforcement influences the relationship between communities and law enforcement by engendering distrust with law enforcement. To say nothing of, underrepresentation of minorities have had many people question whether departments mirror a diverse community. Nevertheless, with that being said, underrepresentation of minorities have generated tension and distrust between communities and law enforcement and many believe that police department need to mirror the race composition within their cities.

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Random sample surveys were conducted in Seattle, Washington by telephone, which asked citizen’s various questions concerning their feelings towards police. These questions included their level of happiness in regards to police problem-solving, their views on police hassling citizens, and if they had ever experienced, or perceived to experience racial profiling or bias by law enforcement (Wu, 2014). Of all the citizens that took part in the survey, 64% of African Americans felt that racial profiling was a problem inside their neighborhoods, 28% of Asians, 20% of whites, and 34% of Hispanics agreed (Wu,

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Additionally, training must touch upon the importance of public confidence in policing and police efficiency (Paterson & Clamp, 2012, p. 602). As established above, public confidence in the police can increase as a result of restorative policing. A clear interaction is thus established. Furthermore, trainers play a role in endorsing policy and systemic reform (Holland, 2007 as in Paterson & Clamp, 2012, p.

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