The reaction was repeated 3 times and average rate noted. From these rates a graph was plotted which describes the relationship of the pressure produced and number of drops added. The reaction rates were measured by Kpa/min and were written to 4 figures for precise results. Time was measured by stop watch. Table 4 shows a summary of all the groups which participated in the lab session.
In this lab, the oxidation of a secondary alcohol was performed and analyzed. An environmentally friendly reagent, sodium hypochlorite, was used to oxidize the alcohol, and an IR spectrum was obtained in order to identify the starting compound and final product. The starting compound could have been one of four alcohols, cyclopentanol, cyclohexanol, 3-heptanol, or 2-heptanol. Since these were the only four initial compounds, the ketone obtained at the end of the experiment could only be one of four products, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, 3-heptanone, or 2-heptanone. In order to retrieve one of these ketones, first 1.75g of unknown D was obtained.
Lab Report 5: Acetylsalicylic Acid (Aspirin) Synthesis Name: Divya Mehta Student #: 139006548 Date Conducted: November 19th 2014 Date Submitted: November 26th 2014 Partner’s Name: Kirsten Matthews Lab Section: Wednesday 2:30 L9 IAs Name: Brittany Doerr Procedure: For the procedure, see lab manual (CH110 Lab Manual, Fall 2014) pages 96-98. Wilfrid Laurier University Chemistry Department. Fall 2014. Acetylsalicylic Acid (Aspirin) Synthesis.
The purpose of this experiment was to understand the pharmacokinetics of the drug acetaminophen within the body, specifically focusing on its partition coefficient, drug protein interaction and its bioavailability through various form of administration. The bioavailability of the drug was determined to be 100% for IV because the drug is injected directly into the systemic circulation in its active form and this is also visible on Figure 4, where the initial concentration of drug is much higher than in PO and IP. For PO and IP administration, the bioavailability was determined to be 72.6% and 39.1%, respectively. This makes sense because both of these type of administration involve the first-pass effect where a portion of the drug is metabolized by peripheral organs, especially the liver in this case, and therefore the amount of active drug reaching the circulation is less. PO administration, however has a much higher content reaching the circulation than IP, because the IP route involves passing through the whole gastrointestinal tract before being absorbed in the liver while the IP route injects the drug into the
ABSTRACT To catalyze a reaction, an enzyme will grab on (bind) to one or more reactant molecules. In this experiment we examined how increasing the volume of the extract added to the reaction would affect the rate of the reaction. The enzyme used was horseradish peroxidase which helps catalyze hydrogen peroxide. Using different pH levels, the absorbance rate of the reaction was measured to see at which condition the enzyme worked best. The rates of absorption were calculated using a spectrophotometer in 20 second intervals up to 120 seconds.
Structural Features Acetaminophen is a molecule that is made of twenty atoms; its bonds consist of fourteen single bonds and four double bonds. Acetaminophen is also composed of clusters atoms with groups with names. First of all, part of an acetaminophen atom is a benzene ring. A benzene ring is a ring of six carbon atoms that are connected to each other by three double bonds and three single bonds and unusually all the bond are the same size. In addition, to make sure all the electrons in the outer valence are used the there are hydrogen atoms bonded to stabilize the carbon atoms.
Pediatric dosing for Acetaminophen for child < 60 kg is 10 to 15 mg/kg/dose orally every 4-6 hours. A maximum dose of 75 mg/kg/day in infants. This medication is contraindicated if the child has active or severe hepatic disease.
Treatment of fever in children is of greatest concern to parents. For the treatment of high temperatures (febrile illness) in children with the use of antipyretic drugs such as acetaminophen (panadol) and ibuprofen is widely available and widespread use among parents buying for their children. It is found based on studies in the journal that ibuprofen is more effective at reducing temperature in children than acetaminophen (panadol). There is a difference between the dosages of the two antipyretic medications. The dosage of acetaminophen (panadol) ranged from 8 mg/kg to 15 mg/kg and for ibuprofen from 5 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg).
The results were an indicative for expected IR spectrum of pure phenacetin. The IR spectrum showed peaks at (3281.67 cm-1) which indicate the presence of the N=H stretch, (3131.40 cm-1 and 3073.97 cm-1) representing the Sp2 C-H stretches, (2982.26 cm-1, 2927.60 cm-1 and 2885.53 cm-1) expressing the Sp3 C-H stretches, also (1656.82 cm-1) indicating the C =O amide stretch, and finally a wavelength at (1603.51 cm-1) representing the aromatic C =C stretch of the phenacetin molecule, respectively. Such IR spectrum results from phenacetin in comparison with an acetaminophen IR spectrum clearly showed the elimination of the hydroxide (OH) bond present at the acetaminophen molecular structure, which resulted in the IR spectrum not indicating the presence of a strong and broad (alcohol-phenol) band at about 3500 cm-1
Aims of experiment • Determine the rate constants for hydrolysis of (CH3)3CCl in solvent mixtures of different composition (50/50 V/V isopropanol/water and 40/60 V/V isopropanol/water) • Examine the effect of solvent mixture composition on the rate of hydrolysis of (CH3)3CCl Introduction With t-butyl chloride, (CH3)3CCl, being a tertiary halogenoalkane, it is predicted that (CH3)3CCl reacts with water in a nucleophilic substitution reaction (SN1 mechanism), where Step 1 is the rate-determining step. The reaction proceeds in a manner as shown
In part 2, using the Michaelis-Menten kinetics of the enzyme, identified the inhibitor (75 mM phenylalanine) as an uncompetitive inhibitor. This is because Vmax and Km decrease when the inhibitor is added (7). The function of reversible, uncompetitive inhibitors is the removal of the enzyme substrate complex from circulation. This is done by the reaction creating an enzyme-substrate-inhibitor complex. An example of a common drug that is a noncompetitive inhibitor is the herbicide, Roundup.
Enantiomers are chiral molecules that are nonsuperimposable, mirror images of each other and have same physical properties. However, enantiomers rotate different plane polarized light. The separation of enantiomers from a racemic ibuprofen—(S)-(+)-ibuprofen and (R)-(-)-ibuprofen—occurred from the transformation of enantiomers to diastereomers. Diastereomers formed because they are chiral molecules that are not mirror images and have different physical properties. When a racemic-(±)-ibuprofen reacted with (S)-(-)-α-phenethylamine, a base—sodium hydroxide—deprotonated the carboxylic acid in both enantiomers of ibuprofen and protonated the amine in (S)-(-)-α-phenethylamine, forming two diastereomeric salts.
AIM To design an investigation to study the kinetics of a reaction of your choice RESEARCH QUESTION With respect to hydrochloric acid (HCl), what is the order of reaction in the reaction between HCl and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) determined by changing the concentration of HCl and measuring the volume of carbon dioxide gas (CO2) collected in 30 seconds whilst keeping the mass of the powdered CaCO3 constant and the temperature of the reaction system at 25oC? BACKGROUND INFORMATION Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is a chemical compound that is commonly found in rocks such as chalk, limestone, marble and travertine in all parts of the world. It also used as a form of medicine as a dietary supplement for a person with insufficient calcium intake because calcium is needed by the body for healthy bones, muscles, nervous system, and heart. CaCO3 is also used as an antacid to relieve
Atrazine’s Impact on Frogs Atrazine is the most common herbicide used by farmers all over the world to destroy weeds. It is most widely used on corn in the U.S., especially in the Midwest. However, atrazine has been proven to have many side effects which include contamination of the ground and surface water, and reproductive changes in fish, amphibians, reptiles and human cell lines due to its role as a strong endocrine disruptor (Graymore et al, 2001). The present study aims to find out the reproductive consequences of atrazine exposure in male African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). The authors’ hypothesis is that atrazine-exposed male frogs might show demasculinization symptoms such as low testosterone levels and decreased fertility (Hayes
Introduction The goal of the experiment is to examine how the rate of reaction between Hydrochloric acid and Sodium thiosulphate is affected by altering the concentrations. The concentration of Sodium thiosulfate will be altered by adding deionised water and decreasing the amount of Sodium thiosulphate. Once the Sodium thiosulphate has been tested several times. The effect of concentration on the rate of reaction can be examined in this experiment.
