The article “Unequal Opportunity: Race and Education” was written by Professor Linda Darling-Hammond who holds an Ed. D., in urban education. Throughout the reading of the article, it is clear that the main point is on inequality within educational systems. Darling-Hammond opens the article with a reference to W.E.B. DuBois that quickly shapes into her main focus of how race and education interact. Darling-Hammond mainly states her points through historical evidence and looking at the root of the problem of education inequality.
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act History The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 was signed into law by President Barack Obama, January 29, 2009. The purpose and goal of the Lilly Ledbetter Act is to amend the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This Ledbetter Act states that the 180-day statue of limitations for filing an equal-pay lawsuit regarding pay discrimination resets with each new paycheck affected by that discriminatory action. (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter_Fair__Pay_Act_of_2009)
By 1820, the belief that white land-owning men deserved governmental control was challenged by a the Egalitarian Impulse. This movement was inspired by religious leadership and the Second Great Awakening, and encouraged representation of common men and republican equality. The Egalitarian Impulse became more influential with the Salary Act of 1816, when Congress had given itself a major raise. For it, 70% of its members were voted out of office, and a nation-wide uproar prompted Congress to repeal the Act. Commoners felt this exemplified why the elite didn’t deserve so much power.
There is so much history that surrounds this act. The EEOC was the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and on July 2nd 1964,was the day that was marked as the day that Congress created the EEOC to give life to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This act was to become effective exactly one year later. There were so many different situations, and circumstances that were happening during this time. These times were very reckless times, there were so much hate, racism, happening during this time.
Evidence-based Correction The 1960s was a year of high expectations where there was renewed optimism and promises through the creation of a frontier to achieve equitable order in the American society. In the criminal justice, there was hope that the nation will adopt the Great Nation and humanity policies. The nation changed the correctional policies where reforms aimed at rehabilitating the offenders.
During the 1930’s women were not being treat equal in society. The men of this era had control over the women and they treated them with no respect. In addition, they had to take lower paying rate than men. “Also, they had to work longer hours. Even though, women had to take a pay cut, they were still able to find a job.
Money, it is the most vital and materialistic component of any economic culture that virtually defines an individual; the crux of what brings countries together in unity. How is it, though, that a piece of paper uniting countries, can tear another country to shreds from the inside out. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 is a key point in the history of the U.S. that helped to reveal the “secret” of unfair pay between the sexes, and reassemble the country as a whole once more: though this act is far from perfect, and there is still a great deal of skepticism from numerous people of the women’s party, the Equal Pay Act was instated, and is under the constant act of revision, to create a fairer environment across the nation by bringing attention to an
During and after the Civil War, women’s demand in job keeps increasing. They desired to work and be independent, which means they tried to have more identities, except for housewife. Moreover, they desired to own equal pay and equal opportunities in workplace, compared to men. Quested for decades, Congress finally passes the Equal Pay Act of 1963, as part of Fair Labor Standard Act of 1938, for prohibiting employers wage discriminating employees based on gender. Equal Pay Act of 1963 specifically regulates that “No employer having employees subject to any provision of this section shall discriminate, within any establishment in which such employees are employed..at which requires equal skill, effort, and responsibility, and which requires equal similar working conditions”.
The history of The Equal Opportunity Act was first started in 1961 by John F. Kennedy who was trying to end the issues with people not hiring people because of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. President Lyndon B. Johnson established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) in 1964. In 1965 president Johnson required all government affiliated contractors and subcontractors to abide by the equal opportunities act to expand their businesses. In 1968 schools were desegregated and students, parents, or faculty could not be discriminated against. In 1979 Jimmy Carter created a National Women 's Business Enterprise Policy, which made other jobs give women equal opportunities.
Gender equality: the pinnacle concept that American society is not-so desperately trying to achieve. Many Americans have convinced themselves that gender equality was remedied by the Nineteenth Amendment and the Second Feminist Movement, and have not considered the thousands of steps that are left on the journey. In recent years, a matter of public interest has been the gender wage gap, stating that women are earning significantly less money than men for doing an equivalent amount of work. Critics of the effort to “break the glass ceiling” claim that a pay gap does not exist, and that if it does, it is because women either do not work as hard, have to tend to their families, or hold lower paying jobs. However, the gender pay gap has been proven to exist in a variety of different forms,
Annotated Bibliography Gender equality in the workforce is a subject that has been researched throughout the years. Following the Civil Rights Movement in 1964 when sexual discrimination was outlawed, and in 1967 when President Johnson amended the bill in 1967. Researchers believe that discrimination is a thing of the past. Although, in 2012 Walmart faced nationwide lawsuits for discrimination (Hines, 2012).
Gender Stratification in The Workplace Over the years, women have fought their way through the various barriers thrown at them by society, they are now more educated, matching male participation rates in the labour force and they are seen to create more opportunities for themselves in the workplace. Despite these achievements, gender stratification still exists in organizations and corporations in the 21st century; this paper seeks to analyze the numerous reasons why women remain underrepresented in leadership positions in the workplace and how this causes a trickle-down effect for other females in non-managerial positions. One of the major factors influencing the progress women experience in their career advancement stems from the deep cultural-infused gender stereotypes associated
It may be 2018, but the gender pay gap is still here, why is that? Women have been and still are getting a lower pay than men to do the same job. Women are doing equal if not more work, but somehow make less. The following paragraphs will explain what is happening today like the fact that over time men 's pay increases more than women 's does. Besides that I will also mention that not just white women make less than men other cultures make even less than them, and I also will share real people speaking up about them being paid less than men.
The gender pay gap is the difference between earnings made by men and earnings by women. The Gender pay gap is generally due to various reasons, such as differences discrimination in hiring process, differences in negotiations for pay, differences in education choices, differences in the jobs men can go compare to women can’t easily go for. Some factors that cause the gender pay gap: • Women leave and re-enter the workforce to meet their family and children expectations • Low pay for some jobs, like childcare due to historical trends that continue • Lower educational levels of women due to traditions • Discrimination in the hiring process, compensation and promotion at workplace.
1.4.1 Literature Review HRM practices are a process of engaging, motivating, and maintaining employees to ensure the organizational survival (Schuler and Jackson, 1987). According to (Delery and Doty, 1996) HRM practices are prepared and implemented in a way that human capital plays important role in achieving the goals and objectives of the organization. The appropriate use of HRM practices strongly influence the standard of employer and the degree of employee commitment (Purcell, 2003). HRM practices like, training and development, performance appraisal allow the employees to do better in order to enhance the organizational performance (Snell and Dean, 1992; Pfeffer, 1998).
