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Erikson's theory of development
Erikson's theory on child development
Applying erikson's developmental theory
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Erikson believed personality develops in a series of stages with impact of social experiences and conflict across the whole life span through his research with his wife at experimental school for American students. (Cherry, 2014). Kohlberg discovered social development is the moral reasoning change as people grew older where he came up with three levels divided into six stages based on his interviews of 72 Chicago boys aged 10-16 years for a span of 20 years. (Cherry, 2014). Harlow believed attachments were most likely to form with those who responded accurately to the baby’s signals, not the person they spent most time with as they develop as the grow up as he did his research with baby monkeys(McLeod, 2014.)
Erikson's stages of life include eight main stages. The first stage is infancy and it starts at 0 to 1 year of age and the basic conflict is called trust vs mistrust. In this stage, infants begin to start developing trust when their caregivers provide care, reliability, and affection. Lack of this will lead to mistrust. The second stage is early childhood and it starts at 2 to 3 years of age and the basic conflict is called autonomy vs shame and doubt.
Erikson was highly influenced by Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytical Theory of Development. Although, at first Freud was limited to childhood based on the phallic stage, Erikson focused on developing a lifespan theory. The eight stages are as followed: Trust vs. Mistrust (infancy): The basic and fundamental psychological task is for infants to develop a sense that their needs will be met by the outside world. Is their caregiver responsive, reliable, and willing to meet their needs? That basic trust is facilitated by a responsive caregiver once an infant gets hungry, injured, or needs to be changed.
After an examination of Erik Erikson and Daniel Levinson’s theories at first sight not much is alike, since the stages both differ, but digging deeper in Erikson's and Levinson’s theories have similar ideas in social development; after all, these two studies differ in the outcome. Erik erikson's theories have a greater underlining on child-adolescent development, he believes that early development of a child is the foundation and is the greatest impact on a person's identity and personality later on in life. Erikson presents the stages from childhood to adulthood, but in his theory the only significant development is during childhood, which is the problem, since an individual goes through life experiences throughout life they may have a great impact as an adult too. On the other hand Daniel Levinson’s theory signifies changes throughout all of life's experiences, from childhood to adulthood and continuing. Levinson’s theory believes that we adapt ad we let go of certain things as we move on in life and move from one stage to another.
For our group’s final term paper, I’ve been working on the part that requires the application of Erikson’s psychosocial theory and Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model to better understand and analyze the issue of dementia on older adults. From what I have gone through researching for my parts, I found the discourse of dementia has been dominated by a “medicalized” notion of dementia. Such “medicalized” notion has presented us and the general public a gloomy view of ageing: a horrible disease that only associated with irreversible deterioration of intellectual functioning, and that “nothing can be done” to it. For me, I had been fortunate not to have any personal experiences with dementia as no one in my family had this disease, but before
As they go through this stage young people will begin to solve problems more easily and have an appreciation of other people’s views and opinions. However as they are still inexperienced in life a young person may appear immature at times with regards to their ways of thinking and speech. During the Emotional Development stage, a young person will begin to spend less time with their parents and want to spend more time with their friends socialising instead. A young person may also feel conflicted at times, as they will want the affection from parents, however this is usually short lived as the young person will then also reject it when it is given.
The development perspectives he uses are Erikson’s personality theory. Throughout his professional career, he noticed how the adolescent years are expanding from 12 years old to 30 years old. In addition to counseling young adults who are still preforming adolescent behaviors, Hoober finds himself looking back at Erikson’s Identity vs. Role Confusion stage. This is where an individual between the ages 12 and 20 are moving towards adulthood and making choices, goals, and vocations that will influence their adulthood (p.
Sigmund Freud (1982) also known as the “Father of Psychoanalysis” claimed that the mother-child connection is an unconscious bond between the infant and the primary caregiver which becomes the dominant force for a pattern of behaviors throughout the infant’s entire lifespan. However, John Bowlby, a British psychologist, psychiatrist and psychoanalyst developed Freud’s claim further and introduced the attachment theory. According to the US National Library of Medicine National Institute of Health “Attachment is one specific aspect of the relationship between a child and a parent with its purpose being to make a child safe, secure and protected. Attachment is distinguished from other aspects of parenting, such as disciplining, entertaining and
Key Person in Lifespan Development: Erik Erikson Erik Erikson was a fundamental person who expressed his ideas of lifespan development occurring from birth to death. Erik Erikson, the son of Karla Abrahamen and a father whose name remain unknown (Psyography: Biographies on Psychologists, n.d.) studied at various schools studying arts and language. He became the first child analysts during his attendance at Harvard Medical School. (Sharkey, 1997). Also, he was employed in various educational schools.
Compare and contrast Sigmund Freud 's psychosexual theory of development and Erik Erikson 's psychosocial theory of development. Introduction The stages of human development have been a discussing issue among the educators, psychologists and philosophers. There are numerous developmental theories regarding the growth and development of an individual.
Freud theory focused more on the Psychoanalytic theories which are how the body behaves from birth to adulthood, and how their behavior are driven. Erikson theories stages were an examination of psychosocial challenges. Freud and Erikson perceive the significance of the oblivious personality on human development. They both base improvement on a type of engagement. At the point when contention isn 't settled properly, suffering can happen, which can prompt psychological instability.
Introduction Sigmund Freud is the great theorist of the mysteries of the human mind and a founder of the psychoanalysis theory which was formed in the 1800s, the theory is well known for accessing self-identity and the self in different ways in order to discover their different meaning, (Elliott, 2015). Buss (2008) states that Sigmund’s theory of Psychoanalysis offers a unique controversial insight into how the human mind works in a way that, this theory provided a new approach to psychotherapy, thus it means that it provided a new treatment for psychological problems that even highly qualified doctors couldn’t even cure. (Buss, 2008) According to Cloninger (2013), Erik Erikson on the other hand is the founder of the psychoanalytic-social Perspective which is mostly referred to as psychosocial development theory, Erikson became interested in child development when he met Anna Freud and he trained in psychoanalysis and with his Montessori diploma, he become one of the most influential psychologist of the 20th century.
These theories serves us number of advantages, which are very important on our day to day teaching. There are many theories which highlight on human development. One of the four major theories which talk about the human development are: 1- Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development 2- Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
Though, there are few similarities of Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory and Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, the major differences of the stages and the developmental issues that are explained in both the theories. The reason for this is that each theorist believed in his own experiences and ideas for the development. The main differences are that while Freud’s theory is mainly developed on the psychosexual changes, Erickson’s theory describes the effects of social experiences on an individual during his or her lifespan (Flannagan, 1999). Freud's stages of psychosexual development consist of five stages. Freud's five stages only went to the age of eighteen, whereas Erikson believed that personality develops throughout the entire life of an individual and for this reason his eight stages go
He constructed eight developmental stages depending upon sociological and psychological developmental instruments and methods. He published psychoanalytical theory of eight levels in his book entitled “The eight ages of Man” in 1950, but later on modified and expanded the theory. He has explained the term epigenetic and represented with space and time and focused on personality and behavioral influences from birth to mature nature of an individual. He also focus on the nature and its reflection due to experiences during the eight stages (Erikson, 1950). Erik Erikson's stages of development:
