Tn 4351 was originally isolated from bacteroides fragilis [30] . The transposon was successfully introduced into Cytophaga succinicans, Flavobacterium meningosepticum, Flexibacter canadiansis, Flexibacter strain SFI and Sporocytophaga myxococcoides by conjugation [25]. Tn 4351carries two antibiotic resistance gene. One of the codes for resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin which is expressed in bactroides but not in E.Coli. The other gene codes for resistance in tetracycline and is expressed in aerobically grpwn E. coli, but not in anaerobically grpwn E. coli or in bacteroides.
A white solid was formed as a product with 59.3% yield. In this reaction tetraphenylcyclopentadienone used as the diene, which was condensed with a highly reactive alkyne dienophile (diphenylacetylene). Heat was used to overcome the diene’s enhanced activation energy. The mixture turned dark brown indicated the loss of carbon monoxide, which made this reaction, overall, irreversible. The result was formation of a high yield hexaphenylbenzene which is more stable than the first product, The Reason is that the delocalized electrons in the rings give more stability to hexaphenylbenzene as compared to the dimethyl
The purpose of this experiment was to learn about metal hydride reduction reactions. Therefore, the sodium borohydride reduction of the ketone, 9-fluorenone was performed to yield the secondary alcohol, 9-fluorenol. Reduction of an organic molecule usually corresponds to decreasing its oxygen content or increasing its hydrogen content. In order to achieve such a chemical change, sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is used as a reducing agent. There are other metal hydrides used in the reduction of carbonyl groups such as lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4).
Benzyne Formation and the Diels-Alder Reaction Preparation of 1,2,3,4 Tetraphenylnaphthalene Aubree Edwards Purpose: 1,2,3,4-tetraphenylnaphthalene is prepared by first producing benzyne via the unstable diazonium salt. Then tetraphenylcyclopentadienone and benzyne undergo a diels-alder reaction to create 1,2,3,4-tetraphenylnaphthalene. Reactions: Procedure: The reaction mixture was created. Tetraphenylcyclopentadienone (0.1197g, 0.3113 mmol) a black solid powder, anthranilic acid ( 0.0482g, 0.3516 mmol) a yellowish sand, and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (1.2 ml) was added to a 5-ml conical vial.
• Write down the highlighted numbers. Do you observe a pattern? • Does the pattern grow? What is the reason for this? • Write down the last number (say 53).
Suppose you need to find the fractional European call and the fractional European put options. Let the Hurst parameter be $H=0.85$, the $\sigma=0,25$, $r=0.10$, $S_{fbm} = 100$, $K = 95$, we have \begin{eqnarray*} d_1^{fBm} & = & \frac{\ln{\frac{S}{K}} + \frac{1}{2}(r( T - t) + \frac{(1)\sigma^2{( T^{2H} - t^{2H})}}{2})}{\sigma{\sqrt{T^{2H} - t^{2H}}}}\\ & = & \frac{\ln(\frac{105}{100}) + (0.10(0.25 -0) + \frac{(1){0.25^2}{0.25^{2(0.85)} - (1)0.25^{2(0.85)}}}{2}}{(0.25){\sqrt{0.25^{2(0.85)} - 0}})} \end{eqnarray*} we obtain $d^{fBm}_1= 1.0558$. We find in the normal distribution that $N(1.0558)= 0.8544$ and $N(-1.0558) = 0.1456.$
When the Grignard was prepared, magnesium was the limiting reactant and bromobenzene was in excess. Benzophenone was the limiting reactant in the Grignard reaction, and thus, benzophenone is used as the limiting reagent in the calculations below. After the experiment, the weight of the crude product was measured to be 0.460 g, and the weight of the pure product was 0.350 g. The molar mass of triphenylmethanol was found to be 260.3 g in the pre-lab.
Experiment 2 Report Scaffold (Substitution Reactions, Purification, and Identification) Purpose/Introduction 1. A Sn2 reaction was conducted; this involved benzyl bromide, sodium hydroxide, an unknown compound and ethanol through reflux technique, mel-temp recordings, recrystallization, and analysis of TLC plates. 2. There was one unknown compound in the reaction that was later discovered after a series of techniques described above.
This supports the isolated product is majority made of the desired product and is largely pure. Mass spectrometry of the crude product shows the molecular ion peak is 162.1, which is the largest fragment in the mass spectrum (Figure 4) and corresponds to the molecular weight of methyl trans-cinnamate (Table 1). The base peak is 131, inferring the fragment lost is 31 m/z in size. This 31 m/z matches the OCH3 fragment of the ester, and would not result from a trans-cinnamic acid. This is evidence the product was successfully
The reduction of 9-fluorenone experiments in period 8 is a reduction reaction of double bonds, specifically a reduction of a carbonyl compound to prepare an alcohol, 9-flurenol is this experiment. Just to reiterate what a carbonyl is, a carbonyl is a compound that has a carbon double bonded to an oxygen. Since the main reaction behind this week’s experiment is a reduction reaction, it is important to learn and understand how and what takes place in it. In general terms, a reduction is a gain of electrons, opposite of oxidation, and an increase in carbon to hydrogen bonds caused by adding hydrogen atoms across double and triple bonds. This is not necessarily true in organic chemistry because the above process usually takes place on neutral atom or an ion but in this case carbon does not gain the electrons because a covalent bond is made.
When a looking at an energy graphs it is easy to find the eclipsing and gouche strain energies. The eclipsed energy Islamist the highest peak of a graph second to an eclipsed methyl. The gouche energy can be spotted on the graph as the second lowest peak on the graph. It is not the lowest point but it is hangs low. The lowest point that would be the closes to the x axis as possible.
The final fraction was weighed and used to find an IR spectrum. The amount of product collected weighed 0.941 g. The percent yield was calculated to be 53.19% by the formula 0.941 of product ÷ 1.769 of the unknown alcohol × 100. Furthermore, after analyzing the spectrum attained from reactant, the characteristic peaks of an alcohol were identified, including an OH stretch at 3331.32 and a C-O stretch 1112.38. However, since all four unknowns were alcohols consisting of the same groups, it could not be decided the identity of the unknown.
The purpose of this experiment was to learn about the electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions that take place on benzene, and how the presence of substituents in the ring affect the orientation of the incoming electrophile. Using acetanilide, as the starting material, glacial acetic acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid were mixed and stirred to produce p-nitroacetanilide. In a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask, 3.305 g of acetanilide were allowed to mix with 5.0 mL of glacial acetic acid. This mixture was warmed in a hot plate with constantly stirring at a lukewarm temperature so as to avoid excess heating. If this happens, the mixture boils and it would be necessary to start the experiment all over again.
The aim of experiment 12 was to synthesize the mono-substituted aromatic compound, methyl m-nitrobenzoate, from methyl benzoate and a nitrating agent. conc. HNO3 C8H8O2 C8H7NO4 conc. H2SO4 Figure 1. Balanced-equation of methyl benzoate to methyl m-nitrobenzoate.
Next, the oxygen is protonated from the 3-nitrobenzaldehyde, which is then followed by an elimination reaction where this acts as a leaving group. The product is the trans-alkene present in the product. After the reaction was completed, purification of the product was conducted using semi-microscale recrystallization.
