Even if parents treat all of their children equally, family size may have its own negative effect on a child’s upbringing. Generally, as the number of children increases, the amount of parental attention that can be given to each child decreases, household tends to be overcrowded, increase in frustration, irritation and conflict (Farrington 2012). Becker (1981) theorizes that as families choose to have more children, each child receives less investment, resulting in a quality-quantity tradeoff.
Child rearing methods (poor supervision, poor discipline, coldness and rejection, low parental involvement with the child) Baumrind (1971) distinguished between three styles of parenting namely authoritarian, permissive and authoritative. Authoritarian style is the bossy parents who do not consider their children’s opinion, demanding and rather cold have been found to have negative effect on the children. Too strict authoritarian control (Farrington 1989) and harsh punishment (Farrington et al. 2003) appear to be linked to high levels of delinquent and antisocial behavior (Hoeve et al., 2009). Permissive style are the wimpy and lax parents, who are non-punitive and warm towards their children; authoritative style are the parent who set firm rules but warm and allow their children some autonomy. Finding shows that adolescents should have certain autonomy to grow and develop a sense of self (Steinberg & Silk 2002). Yet, too much autonomy can result in negative outcomes such as