ipl-logo

The Routine Activity Theory

1570 Words7 Pages

Theoretical review The United Nations initiated a program that housed both the companies and the governments, oil for food program. Despite the defined governmental operations by the programme to the signing states, the Australian government was outside the provisions of the reference of the Cole enquiry. The cole enquiry company was sanctioned by the United Nations security department to answer to allegations labelled against the company by the 2004 United Nations report on the oil for food program. The Cole Company was unable to give a formal extermination conducted by the government with respect to the government’s efforts of discouraging bribery from the AWB organisation. The Australian government’s minister did not react to the warnings …show more content…

The routine activity theory has been employed in helping one understand the occurrence of offenses that are related to international bribery. The routine activity theory predicts that, for any criminal act to take place, there is a convergence in both space and time of a motivated offence, the absence of a capable guardian (regulators), and the presence of a suitable target (FELSON, 2003 & YAR, 2005). The analysis of the AWB scandal will consider the three elements together with cultural variability. The routine activity theory is conventionally used in the explanation of the predatory, violent crime where it indicates that normally there is one motivated offender, which varies from a single suitable target. However, when applied to bribery, this theory must be adapted since in the act of bribery, all the parties involved in facilitating the occurrence of such an illicit act must be held responsible (D’ANDRADE, 1985). This implies that the individuals who pay, accept, offer, and seek bribes are considered offenders and the ones that comply by accepting bribes are viewed as the suitable targets. Due to the complex of the cases dealing with international bribery and the large number of individuals that were involved in the AWB scandal, this study identified numerous suitable targets and motivated offenders with some of them being classified as both motivated offender and a suitable …show more content…

The AWB, the Iraqi government, and Alia were identified as the motivate offenders. In the identification of the suitable targets, evidence was analysed any person, item, or content that was involved in the: provision of illicit services, provision of a benefit that was outside its intended purpose, and acting in a way that complied with bribery (compliant bribee). This criterion found an alignment with the following events in the AWB scandal: tender requests by IGB which includes illicit fees, contracts between AWB and IGB that includes payment of illicit fees, requests for the additional payments that were outside the OFFP, and the complying of AWB to the payment of illicit fees. This analysis indicated that, it is clear that AWB engaged in the improper act of complying with the payment of illicit fees; this made the company come out as the motivated offender. AWB was responsible for signing and paying the contracts that included the illicit fees, thereby making the company a suitable target. In this case, the roles of the suitable target and the motivated offender come out as not being

Show More
Related

Analyzing The Roots Of Saul Indian Horse

1167 Words | 5 Pages

Routine activity theory presents a systematic approach to comprehending the dynamics of criminal behaviour. According to this theory, three key elements must align for a crime to take place: a motivated offender, a suitable target,

Read More

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Of 1977

1086 Words | 5 Pages

President Jimmy Carter signed the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 into law on December 19, 1977. The law was a reaction to bribery and corruption occurring in United States businesses. This paper will address many questions such as how does the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 impact society and business? Is the policy ethical? Has the policy been successful and efficient since its implementation?

Read More

Patriot Act Research Paper

1249 Words | 5 Pages

Introduction If one takes the approach that terror can be a means of achieving political goals, one can therefore argue that the crimes of terrorism and money laundering are indeed distinctive in their nature. Nonetheless, in agreement with Dr. Mugarura in his PhD thesis, it can be stated that the distinction between both have been submerged since money launderers, narcotic drug dealers, and terrorists have established partnerships to use terror as a means of achieving their objectives. For this very reason, terrorists utilize typical money laundering methods to move money around and integrate it into the financial system. For the past 14 years anti-money laundering policies have been augmented by measures adopted in order to prevent the

Read More

Organized Crime Control Act Case Study

697 Words | 3 Pages

The second scenario involves any individual(s) to acquire or maintain control of any enterprise engaged in interstate or international commerce through racketeering activity. (Lippman) The implications here would be the need to prove that the acquisition or remaining in control of said enterprise was done through unlawful activity. Example of this would be the implication of FIFA and the fourteen defendants charged with wire fraud, money laundering amongst other charges in an effort to enrich themselves. (Porzucki) The third scenario involves an individual(s) employed by or associated with said enterprise engaged in interstate or international commerce to conduct or participate in the enterprises affairs through the pattern of racketeering activity.

Read More

Awb Business Ethics

1097 Words | 5 Pages

We look into the unlawful and unethical practices by the Australian Wheat export company AWB Limited, found in the Cole inquiry of the contracts with the Iraq government from 1996 to 2003 through the United Nations (UN) Food-For-Oil Program. The legislative authority called the Australian Wheat Board held the contract with the Iraq Grain Board (IGB) through the UN Food-For-Oil program until July 1999. As a result the Australian Wheat Board was privatised and became AWB Limited. All contracts through the UN sanctioned program with Iraq were maintained by the company as the sole exporter of wheat in Australia.

Read More

Era Of Organized Crime Essay

626 Words | 3 Pages

Law enforcement officers and government officials were prone to the lure of financial gain and easily yielded to the temptations offered by criminal syndicates. The systematic corruption of public officials allowed organized crime to undermine the legitimacy of law enforcement agencies. This corruption offered protection to criminal organizations, leading to relative impunity, evading arrest, and prosecution. This constructed a new sense of power within these syndicates, giving them power over the people and the people in positions of

Read More

Essay On Criminal Conspiracy

1213 Words | 5 Pages

Criminal conspiracy prosecutions should require proof that the conspiracy presents a real danger. The overt act should require prosecutors to show substantial evidence in pursuit of the criminals’ joint effort. There is a level of unfairness due to the flexibility of the criminal conspiracy laws, but the aforementioned reforms could

Read More

Analysis Of The Binary Understanding Of Crimes Through The Criminal Code Of Canada

2102 Words | 9 Pages

Introduction Crime by the binary understanding is the violation of rules formalized and enforced through the Criminal Code of Canada and created by those in power, ironic as crimes of the powerful (CotP) are not governed the same. The basic understanding of crime in society also follows the understanding of crime being between offender and victim, seeing a direct causal relationship between perpetrator actions. This is where the margin for error comes in with the judiciary actions concerning CotP, in particular white-collar crimes. Analysis and discussion have opened the floodgates of questions in regards to the media involved in mitigating crime consequences and diminishing the social significance of CotP offences as they do not follow the

Read More

Routine Activity Theory

1640 Words | 7 Pages

Opportunity makes the theft a. Routine Activity Approach The focus of routine activity theory is to study crime as an event, highlighting its relation to space and time and emphasizing its ecological nature and the implications thereof (Cohen&felson,1979). Routine activity theory explains the criminal event through three essential elements that converge in space and time in the course of daily activities, first, a potential offender with the capacity to commit a crime, second, a suitable target or victim and finally the absence of guardians capable of protecting targets and victims. According to Cohen and Felson (1979), anyone had the potential to commit an offense and has the capacity to do such act.

Read More

John B Thompson Financial Scandal Analysis

831 Words | 4 Pages

Existing at the susceptible intersection of money and power, financial scandals are "based on the allegations of misuse of money or other financial irregularities" (Chapter 6, p. 178). Scandals of a financial nature differ from others in that they are centered around the influence, misappropriation, embezzlement, and misrepresentation of capital that is exchanged for favorable political outcomes. According to John B. Thompson, financial scandals may be divided in to one of four subcategories. The first is constituted by any impropriety relative to undue influence. Forms of misconduct that would fall in to this category include any form of bribery or kickbacks.

Read More

What Is Transnational Crime

384 Words | 2 Pages

Transnational crimes are activities that have potential to deeply affect those across national borders and also have the ability to influence the basic values of the international community. These offenses are obvious from other crimes in their multinational character, which shapes unequaled problems in perception their purpose, development anticipation strategies, and in equipment forcible judgment procedures. Throughout history, deviants of modernization that have pushed for the growth of transnational crime have allowed countries to progress further and gain independence. Cultures and societies have rebels and deviants because they are necessary entities that give voice to the struggling masses that ultimately define a nations economic and

Read More

Bribery In Kant's Categorical Imperative

742 Words | 3 Pages

Bribery is defined on the dictionary as offering, giving, or receiving of a bribe, which means giving or receiving of something of value in exchange of specific favorable outcome that it may not occur if it weren’t for the bribe. “Bribery law consists of the criminal rules for dealing with people who attempt to buy influence with public officials and other decision-makers.” (Bribery and Corruption Law). The crime of bribery covers a broad scope of wrongful conduct, for instances, bribes of cash, favors, assets, services, or anything else of value, whether delivered presently or in the future. Bribes can occur directly, or indirectly through third parties in order to disguise the transaction.

Read More

White Collar Crime Ethics

1070 Words | 5 Pages

Then, the levels of bribery and corruption that have organizations experienced based on the survey resulting on 16% of the respondents reported that their organization has experienced behaviors that are defined as bribery or corruption. Out of 100%, 15% of respondents of those organizations had experienced bribery and corruption involving foreign/

Read More

Socio-Cultural Factors That Affect Leisure Time

1847 Words | 8 Pages

Leisure time can be described as “free time”, it is the time that we can spend doing anything we want like studying, working, or playing sports, etc. Some individuals may have more leisure time than others, and activities during leisure time can vary, depending on the individual’s interests. Making a time map of our daily lives, from Sunday to Monday, shows our leisure time and what we do during the leisure time. Activities can be affected by many socio-cultural factors such as gender, hegemony, power, race, etc. However, from the time map, socioeconomic status (SES), or social class, is a factor that is most dominant in how I spend my leisure time and could also be seen affecting others’ leisure time.

Read More

Challenges Of Transnational Organized Crime

534 Words | 3 Pages

Thus, under the transnational organized crimes should be understood crimes that infringe on public relations, interests or benefits protected by the criminal law of two or more States, and the subjects of which are foreign citizens with the aim, as a rule, for financial gain or the acquisition of power. Organized crime groups control entire regions of the country. Create a particular danger growing criminal control over the information sphere of the media, the use of global computer networks, telecommunications, radio broadcast, and special equipment. The activities of organized criminal groups terrorist acquires focus, including its political overtones. Currently, the challenges facing different states due to the need to counter the increasing crime activities of transnational crime organizations, global in nature.

Read More

More about The Routine Activity Theory

Open Document