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Thoracic Oesophagus Research Paper

1006 Words5 Pages

The thoracic oesophagus is situated a little to the left in the superior mediastinum between the trachea and the vertebral column. It passes behind and to the right of the aortic arch to descend in the posterior mediastinum along the right side of the descending thoracic aorta. Below, as it inclines left, it crosses anterior to the aorta and enters the abdomen through the diaphragm at the level of the tenth thoracic vertebra. From above downwards, the trachea, right pulmonary artery, left main bronchus, pericardium (separating it from the left atrium) and the diaphragm are anterior. The vertebral column, longus colli, right posterior intercostal arteries, thoracic duct, azygos vein and the terminal parts of the hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos …show more content…

It lies to the left of the midline and enters the abdomen through the oesophageal aperture (formed by the two diaphragmatic crura) opposite the level of the tenth thoracic vertebra. It runs obliquely to the left and slightly posteriorly, and ends at the gastro-oesophageal junction/cardiac orifice of the stomach. The abdominal oesophagus lies posterior to the left lobe of the liver, which it grooves slightly, anterior to the left crus, the left inferior phrenic vessels and the left greater splanchnic nerve; its surface is covered in a thin layer of connective tissue and visceral peritoneum which contains the anterior and posterior vagi as well as the oesophageal branches of the left gastric vessels. The anterior vagus may be single or composed of multiple trunks, and is closely related to the outer fibres of the longitudinal muscle coat of the oesophagus. The posterior vagus is usually a single trunk and is less closely applied to the oesophageal muscle within the loose connective tissue, which makes its identification during surgery somewhat easier. The abdominal oesophagus is effectively tethered to the diaphragm by connective tissue; the phreno-oesophageal ligament. This is formed of two thickened bands of elastin-rich connective tissue; the inferior phreno-oesophageal ligament is effectively an extension of the transversalis fascia extending …show more content…

At the distal end of the esophagus, there is a normally closed, 3 cm-4 cm long high-pressure zone that functions as an anti-reflux barrier separating the negative intrathoracic pressure in the esophagus from the positive intra-abdominal pressure in the stomach. This high-pressure zone was first described manometrically by Fyke and colleagues in 1956, but has been the subject of much debate, because of the complex anatomy in this region. We now know this high-pressure zone has 2

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The surgeon will create a small pouch at the top of the stomach using surgical staples. Next, he will connect this smaller pouch directly to the middle of the small intestine (called the jejunum). This causes the food to bypass the lower part of the stomach and the first part of the small intestine (called the duodenum). Historically, the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass was does as an open procedure, which means the surgeon makes a large incision in the outer stomach wall to access the abdominal cavity.

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First the food enters the mouth and then goes to the esophagus where it is pushed down to the first part of the stomach. The first part of the stomach is the cardiac stomach which holds chitinous teeth which grind up the food even more than it has been in the mouth. Then it goes to the pyloric region which is the second part of the stomach where nutrients are sucked out of the food.

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The food then travels into the oesophagus. Your oesophagus is located near your trachea (windpipe). The epiglottis separates the nasal cavity and the lower airway from the passage of food whilst swallowing. The contractions of the muscles in your oesophagus push the food down your oesophagus and into your stomach. Your stomach is a hollow organ that holds food whilst it is being broken down by the enzymes.

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Relations with the diaphragm and heart liver supplement neighboring organs. The base of the liver opens into the hepatic hilum, which is but the entrance area of the omentum (omentum) lower with the portal vein, hepatic artery and hepatic duct outlet. The omentum (omentum) lower (fixed at a protrusion of the lower side omental called tuber) lining the bottom of the grooves of the base of the liver (venous ligament sulcus, groove round ligament) and reaches the rear edge of the bottom face where the peritoneum overlying coating passes the diaphragm and the back wall forming hepatorenal ligament. Ahead of the peritoneum lining the diaphragmatic surface to its upper limit, where jumps take the abdominal surface of the diaphragm. Between the two folds of peritoneum onto the surface of the liver to the diaphragm is comprised bare surface of the liver, an area in which the peritoneum covering the liver capsule.

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The channel receives food where it is digested and converted to simple raw materials that are easy for the body to absorb and use in growth and energy, then the remaining waste is expelled. The main functions of gastrointestinal tract can therefore be summarized as ingestion, digestion, absorption of food, defecation or removal of food waste from the body, Gastrointestinal tract varies from one animal to another. Some animals have multi-cavity equipment, while some animal equipment consists of only one cavity. The intestinal gastrointestinal tract in normal adults is about 6.5 meters or 20 feet long and consists of two parts, the upper gastrointestinal tract and the lower intestinal tract. The gastrointestinal tract can be divided according to its composition during the embryonic stage to the anterior, middle, and posterior

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Peristalsis is spontaneous or reflexive movements of the longitudinal and circular muscles, that happens in progressive wavelike contractions, fundamentally in the digestive tract but some times it also occurs in other hollow tubes of the body. In the human body esophagus, stomach, and intestines are the main parts in which peristaltic waves arise. These waves can be momentary, local reflexes or prolonged, consecutive contractions that are transmitted to the whole length of the organ, relying upon their location and what beginstheir action. Peristalsis has its importance in movement of food in digestive system, passing of urine from kidneys to bladder, bile passing from gallbladder to duodenum etc. The phenomenon of peristalsis is also feasible

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