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Newton's Law Of Universal Gravitation

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Introduction:

I’ve always wondered, when starring up into the sky at night, what lies beyond what our human eye can see. I was told when I was small that there are millions of other planets just like the Earth high in the sky. It has always fascinated me on how the Universe functions. How are the distance between different planets being kept? And how is the universe the way it is? When I was introduced to Newton’s Law of universal gravitation, I was extremely excited and interested in studying further and use the law to investigate the universe. So, when I was given a choice of doing my Physics IA in any topics we want, I immediately choose to investigate Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation. I didn’t just want to do something small, like …show more content…

Galileo Galilei, showed that gravitational acceleration is constant for all object, which proved Aristotle’s belief of heavier objects have more gravitational attraction than lighter objects. Galileo believed that objects with less weight falls slower cause of air resistance, not because of less gravitational attraction. Galileo’s work in the formation of Newton’s theory of gravity. Newton’s theory on universal gravitation was first seen in the book Principia which he published in 1687. In the book, he quoted:

“I deduced that the forces which keep the planets in their orbits must be reciprocally as the squares of their distances from the centres about which they revolve: and thereby compared the force requisite to keep the Moon in its orbit with the force of gravity at the surface of the Earth; and found them answer pretty nearly.”

The Theory achieved great success in predicting the existence of Neptune based on the motions of Uranus. Newton’s Law of universal gravitation extends gravity beyond earth. It is about the universality of gravity. Gravitation is universal, all objects attract each other with a force of gravitational …show more content…

It is a gas giant, 96% of its volume is hydrogen. Saturn has been known since prehistoric times. Greek god Saturn was named after the planet, and ancient Chinese and Japanese culture named Saturn the “earth star”, one of the five elements of nature. Observations of Saturn from a telescope was first discovered by Galileo in 1610, with a 15mm diameter telescope. First photograph of the planet was in September 1979, by Pioneer 11, launched by NASA. I chose Saturn because it was a planet that interested me. Since I was small, I was fascinated in space. When I saw the different planets in the solar system, I was very into Saturn. It looked different, it had a ring around the planet. Back then, I did not know what the ring was, but I thought it was very different from others. Therefore, in this IA, I chose to do my research on Saturn and its satellite moons.
Data Collection and Analysis
The following data on the different planets and moons are from Wikipedia, I went on the Wikipedia page on each different planet and moon in order to get the data and organized into the following two tables. I used data of Saturn, and the 7 major satellites of

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The discovery of Uranus was a pretty big achievement for the astronomical world. It showed many that there was the possibility of many other planets existing in our solar system past Saturn. There wasn’t really that much thought put into identifying other planets past Saturn since almost everyone did not think that there would be planets out there. This all changed after William Herschel’s discovery in 1781. While it does mark an important achievement for the astronomical world, I do not think that he was really intending on finding a new planet, since it was generally accepted that there were not more for the past 2,000 years.

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Galileo discovered that Jupiter had four large moons which were, Europa, Callisto, Ganymede, and Lo. They were then referred to as the Galilean moons. Fast forwarding to the 1970's and Jupiter was had the Pioneer 10 spaceship fly by it in 1973. After that the spacecraft Galileo orbited Jupiter for eight years. It was later discovered that Jupiter did not have a solid surface, and the gas giant had denser gas below.

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I chose “Astronomy: Discovery of Uranus by William Herschel in 1781” as the topic for my research. I found that William Herschel was many things, including a musician, composer, teacher, and astronomer. William also built his own telescopes to look into the night sky. During one of his searches, he found something odd; it wasn’t a nebulous star or comet, but something different. It turned out to be a planet which he named “Georgium Sidus” or Georges star in honor of George III.

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Uranus was originally thought to be a comet because of Herschel’s discovery. The true beauty of a scientific community shines through what happened next in history. Due to the research carried out by William Herschel other astronomers investigated this “comet” and many suggested it to be other things. A Russian astronomer named Anders Johann Lexell actually was the one who calculated an orbit for this comet which gave reason to many other astronomers to believe that this comet was in fact a planet which of course we know now holds true. Herschel became famous because of this discover and I think the greatest thing to come of his discovery is that he “was able to continue with his unique program of astronomical observation.

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Even though Newton had to face many struggles in his early life between growing up without a father, his mother leaving to live with her new husband, and his mother then dying he was still able to accomplish and bring many new things to the world. Many of Newton 's creative ideas and inventions he brought to the world are still used today. For example, in 1666, Newton came up with the Theories of Gravity. A few years after developing The Universal Law of Gravitation, he created the three Laws of Motion. The first Law of Motion states that every object

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