Children with autism may have the following social and communication skills and common behaviors”
Cindy Martinez University of the People PSYC 1111 – Unit 3 – Learning Journal According to the reading in the textbook, Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is a technique, often used to “reinforce positive behaviors and punish unwanted behaviors” and is one of the most common tools used in the field of autism (OpenStax College, 2014). However, ABA is a controversial therapy to use in the field of autism with many former recipients of ABA arguing against the use of ABA on the basis that it is harmful to children who are being forced to change in order to become ‘normal’ (Devita-Raeburn, 2016). Unfortunately, ABA has a long history and is covered by most health insurances unlike other more recent therapies in the field of autism. This often makes
The social learning theory today is centered around four principal themes the first being differential association, which refers to the direct or indirect exposure to different behaviors in different social contexts. The impact of exposure depends highly on frequency, duration, intensity, and priority of different associations. The second theme is definitions which refers to attitudes, beliefs, values, and norms about a certain behavior learned indirectly or directly from specific social groups. The third theme of social learning theory is differential reinforcement or punishment which refers to the net balance of expected social and/or nonsocial rewards or costs associated with different behaviors.
The three distinctive behaviours of Autism are: Repetitive behaviours, problems with verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction. When parents realize that their child has autism they should be emotionally strong. Being consistent in your child’s learning environment is very key to reinforce learning. Also they should be able to find non-verbal ways to communicate with their child. You just have to learn their language of communication.
Name: Lonnie Young III Topic: Autism General Purpose: To inform. Specific Purpose:
The Socio-behaviorist theory (behaviorism) Socio-behaviorists often study how children 's experiences model their behaviors (Nolan & Raban, 2015). Behaviorism believes that what matters is not the development itself, but the external factors that shape children 's behaviors (Nolan & Raban, 2015). This theory demonstrates that teachers and mentors dominate and instruct child-related activities, and they decide what children should learn and how to learn (Nolan & Raban, 2015). Reinforcement, which is an essential factor that helps children to learn particular behaviors, generally refers to rewards and punishments (Nolan & Raban, 2015). Children are more likely to repeat actions that result in receiving praise; in contrast, they may ignore or abandon behaviors that make them get punishment.
Describe the three main cognitive theories of autism (i.e., Theory of Mind, Executive dysfunction, Weak Central Coherence) and evaluate how well they explain autistic symptoms. Autism was originally a term that was coined by Bleuler in his paper “Dementia praecox oder Grupper der Shizophrenien” published in 1911. In this paper the term was used to refer to a form of schizophrenia characterised by extreme isolation. The word autism originates from the Greek word ‘autos’ meaning self. Autism is a lifelong developmental disability that is characterised by challenges with communication, difficulty with social interactions and a likelihood to engage in repetitive behaviour.
Refugees are people suffering from conflict and war and seeking to escape from their misery. They are innocent and don’t want the war to continue. The only way they can escape is through immigration. Furthermore, refugees lose their valuable home, their origin and decide to flee for safety. Every country can pass through such crisis even the U.S.; consequently, foreign countries should act as a unified world since it is an international affair.
Theory one, also known as, behavioral theory is an idea acquired through association and reinforcement in which parents play an important role towards the infants learning process. In other words, Skinner’s theory, reflected that the frequent use of repetition is educational. So how do we make a connection with technology; easy by the use of sound, tone and color consistently. Sound, tone, and color all can be transmitted through television and kids tablets.
Then there is the theory of Operant Conditioning of B.F. Skinner and what the public’s view on this theory is and how well it works. Behavior Modification
Ivan Pavlov and Burrhus Frederic Skinner are the behaviourist theorists I studied. Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning became well known, his work encouraged others like Skinner to study and develop his own theory of operant conditioning. The “A,B,C” behaviour model of positive reinforcement is used in many early childhood settings. Skinner believed the best way to understand the behaviour is to look at the cause of the action and its consequence. I observed the ECCE setting for practical examples of numeracy and literacy.
These theories include: the behaviorist theory, the innatist theory, the constructivist theory, and the social interaction theory. First, B.F Skinner, a psychologist, developed the behaviorist theory of oral language development. “Behaviorist theory of language development states that infants learn oral language from other human role models through a process involving stimulation/modeling, imitation, rewards, punishment, and practice” (Reutzel, 2015, pp.38). Skinner believed that children learned by operate conditioning, which is rewards for accomplishing a goal. In the case of oral language Skinner believed that children, specifically infants learned oral language by getting rewards such as smiles or praise for imitating words adults wanted them to speak.
John B. Watson Theory of behaviorism: The term behaviorism refers to the school of psychology founded by John B. Watson based on the belief that behaviors can be measured, trained, and changed. Behaviorism was established with the publication of Watson 's classic paper, Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It (1913). Behaviorism, also known as behavioral psychology, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment.
In its most general sense, Behaviorism, also known as behavioral psychology, is a theory of learning developing as a result of the ideas and beliefs shared by a group of people who has influenced educators’ view of learning. The term behavioral psychology refers to a psychological approach which principally concerned with stimulus-response activities and emphasizes the role of environmental factors in a learning process, to the exclusion of own free will. There is a tenet of behavioral psychology that “only observable, measurable, an outward behavior is worth investigating” (Bush, 2006, p. 14). Historically speaking, behaviorism was originated in the 1880s and develops gradually in the twentieth-first century and beyond. Skinner and
This theory is simply easy to comprehend because it only depend on the visible behavior and define few universal principles. But there are criticism on this theory • The theory is not for all the type of learning since it does not focuses on the mental. • BEHAVIORISM IS NOT FOR ALL LEARNERS NOR TEACHERS.
