According to Lee, Moore, and Kim (2013), some police supervisors are not only reluctant to reveal their subordinates’ misconduct, but are intentionally blind to their officers’ corruption. Oftentimes, supervisors who are willfully ignorant of corrupt behavior resist disciplining their officers, which, in turn, insulates dishonest officers from punishment. Therefore, the failure to discipline problem officers is a proximate cause of continuous police corruption. Frontline police officers are more likely to perceive corruption seriously when their supervisors apply more severe discipline for corrupt behavior. Frontline police officers are less likely to perceive corruption seriously when their departments have a stronger ‘Code of Silence’.
In April 2001, 48 year-old Joseph Miedzianowski was convicted of racketeering and drug conspiracy. He was on the police force for 22 years. (Lighty and O’Connor, 2003) According to the Daily Telegraph, he was commended for breaking up street gangs. Prosecutors said he provided protection and guns for drug pushers and gang members while shaking down others. He and his partners sold over $4 million worth of cocaine. As said by Lighty and O’Connor, he would use his gang members and gang underworld knowledge to sell the drugs while abusing drug dealers. He would expose undercover policemen to the gangs
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Citizens who was caught violating the law and offer a bribe to the police officer are more to not report an incident than someone who was harassed into an incident. But, if the police officer is harassing the victim more, the victim is more unlikely to report the problem. (Ivković, 2003) As said by Wolfe and Piquero (2011), with respect to the community correlates used a social ecological approach to demonstrate that neighborhoods characterized by structural disadvantage and population mobility were more likely to experience police