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Theory Of Accepted Action Planned Behavior (TPB)

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Review of Literature
2.1.Background:abusive behaviors Over the past few decades, a growing number of Studies have been the contention that female perpetrate abuse at rates equal, or similar, to males (Dutton,et al.,2004;Straus, 1999). Findings are relatively consistent across dating, cohabitating, and marital relationships in community samples; though, there is some evidence to suggest young respondents (under 30 years) in dating relationships evidence higher rates of aggression,particularly by women (Sorenson,et al.,1996; Sommer,et al. 1992; Follingstad,et al. 1991). A review of the literature indicates that like , Women initiate abusive, women commit unilateral aggression (i.e., against non-abusive partners), sometimes of a …show more content…

The theory of reasoned action planned behavior (TPB)was developed by (Ajzen ,2001,1991,1989) and is seen as an exten¬sion of the theory of reasoned action holds that the intention (motiva¬tion) to perform a certain behavior is dependent on whether individuals evaluate the behavior as positive (attitude) and if they judge others as wanting them to perform the behavior (subjective norm). TPB builds on this theory and holds that all behavior is not exe¬cuted under purposeful control and that behaviors lie on a continuum from total control to complete lack of control. Both internal factors (cognitive skills, knowl¬edge, emotions) and external factors (situations or environment) determine the degree of control. TPB is based on the connection between attitudes and behaviors. Behavior is based on and guided by three kinds of beliefs and cognitive …show more content…

Delinquents “cannot or have not gained the sense of a central self” that affirms their personal uniqueness or value (Levy, 1997). The discovery of enhanced self-image in delinquent teens (Bynum & Weiner, 2002;E. Anderson, 1999) suggests that violence and criminal conduct may serve as a psychological mechanism for coping with poverty, a harsh environment at home, or the threat of family or neighborhood violence (Rosario, et al.,2003; Feigelman, et al.,2000; Prothrow- Stith, 1995). In ( E. Anderson’s, 1999, 1994) research with a sample of inner-city African American youth, notes that violence was used as a defensive posture to gain respect and avoid victimization (i.e., the “code of the streets”). (Fagan & Wilkinson ,1998) observe that frequent experiences with violence may impel youth to assimilate more deeply such a “street code” for self-protection. Bynum & Weiner found sta¬tistical correlations between high scores on the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale and violent delinquency.
Cognitive Deficits. Cognitive ability was found to predict criminal involvement (S. D. Levitt & Lochner, 2001). The correlation between cognitive deficits and antisocial behavior holds across social class, race, and academic level (Lynam,et al.,1993). Self-defeating thought patterns often contribute to elevated risk for problem behavior (Jessor et al., 1998). Among these

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Victimization can occur directly and indirectly to an individual. The book, Transcending is full of stories of people who have been directly and indirectly victimized. Janet Bakke’s story is an example of direct victimization. Janet was the target of abuse. As a child her biological father mentally and physically abused Janet.

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Some major findings in this study were that participants were significantly more violent than the average juvenile delinquent. They were also asked about the most serious crimes that they had ever committed finding that among the 34 participants, 5 terrorist threats, 5 murders, 2 attempted murders, 1 manslaughter, 12 burglaries, 11 strong-armed robberies, 9 assaults with a deadly weapon, 8 drug possessions with intent to deal, 6 gun possessions, and 5 shootings. There were many preexisting risk factors that included exposure to violence, vicarious victimization, and criminal and delinquent acts. In the aspect of their future expectations, they mostly had negative expectations. When the young males were asked about future risks, they really felt like they would be the victim of a violent crime or even shot at.

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57). Research shows that delinquency and youth violence have been on the rise over the decade growing in epidemic proportions since 1993 (Hoyt & Scherer, 1998). Delinquency means for one to break the law and does not have to involve any form of criminal activity in one doing so. However, it is known that antisocial behavior, delinquency, and violence share common roots and similar consequences according to Mcwhirter et al. (2013). Violent crimes committed by youth has escalated by youth victimized by youth violence doubling the in juvenile arrests for violent crime by 2010, and fueled anxieties about future crime wave as the juvenile delinquents mature into adults (Hoyt & Scherer, 1998) with female delinquency making its mark up the ladder according to research.

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Elijah Anderson, a Yale professor, developed the concept or theory entitled the “code of the street” which explains the reasoning for high rates of street violence among African-American juveniles in a Philadelphia community. The “code of the street” is the way of life for many living in poverty-stricken communities which attempt to regulate behaviors. Anderson observed that juveniles in inner-city neighborhoods who are exposed to racial discrimination, economic disadvantages and alienation from mainstream society may lead violent behavior. The strain, social learning, and labeling theories are all directly related to Anderson’s work.

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In chapter 19 of Membership in Youth Gangs and involvement in Serious and violent offending, Terence P. Thornberry examines the correlation between youth gang membership and their participation in serious crimes. Throughout the reading, Thornberry highlight’s what he believes to be the three most important findings in his research. First, our author provides research exhibiting just how youth gang members are responsible for a majority of serious and violent crimes committed by the general youth. According to the reading, prior studies have determined that gang members are significantly more involved in serious delinquency than non-gang members. For example, Fagan (1990) study of a general adolescent sample revealed that only 23 percent of the participants of the study where a part of a gang, but accounted for 67 percent of felony assaults, 66 percent of minor assaults and 66 percent of robberies.

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1. As you watch Streetwise—a documentary about the lives of Seattle street kids in the early 1980s— consider the explanations of juvenile delinquency offered by strain/anomie theories and control theories (including social disorganization theory and social bonds theory). First, choose the branch of theory that you believe BEST explains the delinquency of the kids featured in the film. Next, choose the single theory along your chosen branch that you believe offers the best explanation. For instance, if you think strain theories offer the best explanation, you should decide whether Merton’s theory or Agnew’s theory best explains the kids’ delinquency.

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Young teens are very vulnerable and insecure, some figure out how to deal with this reasonably and others tend to stray. Teens who are involved in criminal violence are often misguided and just need help to get on the right path. For many though “We see them as wayward youths, as kids gone wrong”, but when in reality they “are nonetheless not ‘bad.’ This image is of the teen as a victim. They are misguided, immature, insufficiently socialized, but not evil.”

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Racial invariance positions and sociological viewpoints on race and race contrasts in conditions and should account for the racial composition or black effect on level violence rates. Examination led in 1990 gives blended or opposite confirmation to this position, demonstrating that greater concentrations of blacks are connected to increased violence after accounting for racial differences in socioeconomic conditions. 　　 Black violent crimes is highly relevant in today’s society. Most crimes are committed by African Americans due to many factors but where are these factors taking place and who else is taking place in these crimes other than the targeted ethnicity.

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In the United States smoking cigarettes has been one of the largest addictive substances in use for over one-hundred years with many Americans contracting lung disease and lung cancer through their use. The tobacco industry has been one of the most profitable industries in the United States which has ensured its vitality in the United States. The purchasing and smoking of cigarettes should be fully illegal because they are created to be addictive, they are advertised as not having the health problems creating favorable views of cigarettes, and smoking affects the health of those around smokers not just the smokers themselves. The first problem with cigarettes is that they are made to be addictive so people are left wanting more nicotine that is found in abundance in cigarettes. It’s proven that “Cigarette

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Universally, domestic violence is referred to abusive behavior that is used by the intimate partner to control or power over the other intimate power. This can be in the forms of psychological, sexual, economic or emotional threats or actions that will influence your partner (Kindschi,2013).Domestic violence studies provides that psychopathology, which happens when in violent environment in child development can make the argument of domestic violence progress of being a generational legacy (Kindschi,2013).I chose to write about the Feminist Theory to explain why people commit domestic violence. It believes that the root causes of domestic violence is the outcome of living in a society that condones aggressive behavior by men, while women

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Understanding the risk and protective factors of child delinquency is imperative in order to create and implement treatment and intervention programs. Because children’s behavior develops during the first five years, it is important to know what risk and protective factors could increase the likelihood of a child becoming a child offender (Wasserman et al., 2003). Moreover, overcoming the risk factors would help prevent the child offender from becoming a juvenile, and later, adult offender. As Wasserman et al (2003) stated, “risk factors for child delinquency operate in several domains: the individual child, the child’s family, the child’s peer group, the child’s school, the child’s neighborhood, and the media” (pg.1). As one can see, children are exposed to risk in partially every aspect of their lives.

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Introduction Juvenile delinquency due to gang relation has increased drastically. Many people fail to realize that gangs have a considerable influence on the decisions juveniles are making. Adolescents are easily influenced by the members of the gangs and manipulated to commit certain crimes. As juveniles they are not mentally and emotionally mature to make such critical decisions, which in turn allow gang members to manipulate and control the youth they recruit. Juveniles become a part of gangs for several reasons, including, gaining protection, governmental, and social issues.

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J., Newman, K., Calvert, S. L., Downey, G., Dredze, M., Gottfredson, M., ... & Romer, D. (2016). Youth violence: What we know and what we need to know. American Psychologist, 71(1), 17. The article was written by Bushman and the colleagues.

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The social disorganization theory developed by Clifford Shaw and Henry D. McKay is one theory that endeavors to explain the phenomenon of crime. This essay aims to analyze, assess, and clarify whether the social disorganization theory accurately dissects the social problem of delinquency. Clifford Shaw and Henry D. McKay, two criminology researchers from the Chicago School of Criminology developed the social disorganization theory in 1942. The theory contends that an individual’s social and physical environments are the principle influences to the behavioral choices that they make. In their research, Shaw and McKay measured and assessed crime, truancy, juvenile delinquency, and mental disorder as part of the problems in Chicago communities.

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