ipl-logo

Analysis Of The Patellar Reflex

822 Words4 Pages

Patellar Reflex The Patellar Reflex is tested by tapping the patellar tendon right below the kneecap, with a small hammer. When a doctor or nurse raps the tendon, the patient immediately kicks their leg out. The quick knee jerk reflex occurs within the spinal cord. The reflex indicates that a section of the spinal cord, and the nerves extending from it are working properly (Staff, 2007). The doctor tests the patient for the patellar reflex to ensure that there are no problems within the spinal cord. The pathway of the reflex extends from the patellar tendon to the motor nerves in the spinal cord. The patellar tendon, which is located below the kneecap connects to the quadriceps muscles, which is located at the top of the thigh (Staff, 2007). …show more content…

The reflex causes the ipsilateral pupil to dilate (Campbell & DeJong, 2005). The ciliospinal reflex is a test of ocular sympathetic function (Turner, 2012). The ciliospinal reflex depends primarily on the integrity of the sensory nerve fibers from the area of the skin being stimulated, the upper thoracic sympathetic motor neurons, and the ascending cervical sympathetic chain (Rand Swenson, 2008). The sympathetic fibers that supply the dilator pupillae muscles are believed to originate in the posterolateral hypothalamus. The sympathetic fibers project and synapse in the sympathetic cell column from vertebrae C8 to T2. This cell column is called the ciliospinal center of Budge. Once the fibers exit the spinal cord, they travel through the stellate ganglion, the inferior cervical ganglion, and the middle cervical ganglion to synapse in the superior cervical ganglion at the carotid artery bifurcation. From the bifurcation the fibers travel with the internal carotid artery, and then enter the cavernous sinus. From the cavernous sinus they travel along the abducens nerve. The fibers enter the orbit through the superior orbital fissure, and pass through the ciliary ganglion, without synapsing. Finally the fibers enter the eye through the ciliary nerves and terminate on the dilator pupillae muscle (Chaudhuri & Gupta, 2012). Doctor’s test this reflex in cases of suspected Horner’s

Show More
Related
731 Words | 3 Pages

In healthy individuals, anterior rotation of the innominate occurs during extension of the freely swinging leg. When the innominate anteriorly rotates, it glides inferiorly down the short arm and posteriorly along the long arm of the SIJ. In non-weights bearing an arthrokinematic glide between the innominate and the sacrum occurs during posterior rotation of the innominate and is physiological (i.e., follows the articular surfaces). In weight bearing, the close-packing of the SIJ precludes this physiological glide. Sacral nutation produces the same relative arthrokinematic glide as posterior rotation of the innominate (inferoposterior motion of the sacrum is the same as anterosuperior motion of the innominate); sacral counternutation produces the same arthrokinematic glide as anterior rotation of the innominate (anterosuperior motion of the sacrum is the same as inferoposterior motion of the

Read More
749 Words | 3 Pages

The ACL crosses diagonally in the middle of the knee behind the patella and it connects the tibia to the femur. Its function is to prevent the tibia from sliding in front of the femur and to prevent overextension of the knee. The LCL connects the femur to the fibula and its function is to keep the lateral side of the knee stable. RG3’s injury is due to an ACL and LCL tear. The ACL was torn when his foot planted in the field and his knee cut into internal rotation.

Read More
440 Words | 2 Pages

The endolymph in the semi-circular canals moves at the opposite direction to the rotation of the body. The three axes the semi-circular canals can detect angular rotation are the anterior vertical, the posterior vertical and the horizontal planes. When angular rotation occurs in any of these planes, the endolymph in the semi-circular canals moves the opposite way to the body movement, causing the cupula to be moved and therefore the hair cells in the semi-circular canals will also be pushed in the direction of the endolymph movement. This activates the basolateral membrane the hair cells are located on, and causes the ion channels to depolarise or hyperpolarise, depending on the direction of the hair cell movement**. This will then send a signal through fibers to the vestibular nerve then onto the vestibulocochular nerve, which sends its inputs to the cerebellum.

Read More
477 Words | 2 Pages

Part 2: Achilles Reflex Hypothesis: The hammer tapping the Achilles tendon will cause the foot to jerk towards the plantar surface. (e)The toes being to move outwards and heel moves inwards. Part 3:Babinski Reflex (f)Inside-curling toes. Infants exhibit the reverse reflex; their toes typically point outward rather than inside.

Read More
531 Words | 3 Pages

A. Question 2 Locate and palpate the following muscles ⁃ Rectus femoris ⁃ The rectus femoris is a knee extensor. When palpating the rectus femoris you can feel the muscle as it runs dow the middle of the front of the thigh.

Read More
440 Words | 2 Pages

Name: Horner 's syndrome Overview: The syndrome of Horner is a neuro-ophthalmological that develops after an interruption of nerve fibers nice ranging from the hypothalamus to eye. Possible damage to the central level that causes this syndrome is the lesion, compression or ischemia of the brain stem. Other conditions that determine the Horner syndrome is syringomyelia and some cancers marrow or brain (eg. neuroblastoma). Interruptions devices, however, can result from head and neck trauma, cervical lymphadenopathy, lung tumors Pancoast, aortic dissection or carotid artery and thoracic aortic aneurysm.

Read More
1537 Words | 7 Pages

The knee joint is also known as tibiofemoral joint. It is a synovial hinge joint formed between three bones which are the femur, tibia and patella (Taylor, n.d.). There are two rounded, convex processes which are known as condyles on the distal end of the femur. The distal end of the femur meets two rounded, concave condyles at the proximal end of the tibia (Tyalor, n.d.). A thick, triangular bone which is known as patella lies anterior surface between the femur and tibia.

Read More
1242 Words | 5 Pages

The hydraulic knee unit with swing and stance control (SNS), provide fluid swing phase control for patients who are active and want the ability to change cadence. Hydraulic knee is cadence responsive and if gait speed changes shin angular velocity changes. Hydraulic fluid cause friction resistance in narrow channels, which incise with speed of compression. Resistance to knee flection provide SNS, what allow to patient grater security of walking uneven surfaces or more natural gait pattern uphill and downstairs. That kind of knee allows knee locked to walking on rug surface (Lusardi, et al., 2013).

Read More
869 Words | 4 Pages

Management of chronic Achilles tendon ruptures is indeed difficult and challenging. The proximal and distal stumps are often retraced and atrophic. To the extent of our knowledge, there are no evidence-based guidelines for selecting the optimum surgical interference for management for chronic ruptures of the Achilles tendon. However, Myerson15 classified chronic Achilles tendon into three  types;  Type-1 defect is less than no 1 to 2 cm long and this can be repaired end-to-end repair with or without posterior compartment fasciotomy.

Read More
534 Words | 3 Pages

Upon observing my neighbor and her symptoms, I can tell that the cranial nerve that has been affected is the oculomotor nerve, or cranial nerve three. The patient is experiencing double vision, inability to raise her eyelid or a droopy eyelid, her right eye being abducted and depressed compared to the left, and a dilated pupil compared to the left. All of these symptoms point to her having lateral strabismus in her right eye, or exotropia strabismus, which means the eyes are failing to keep proper alignment and focus on the same image (American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 2014). Her eyelid drooping, or ptosis, would be caused by the damage to cranial nerve three that innervates the levator palpebrae superioris which helps to elevate the eyelid. With her eye being depressed and abducted it shows that the innervation of her medial rectus, inferior rectus, superior rectus, and inferior oblique have been affected, which further reinforces the fact that the nerve that innervates these extraocular muscles has been damaged, or cranial nerve three (Drake, Mitchell, & Vogl, 2012).

Read More
1579 Words | 7 Pages

Materials and Method: The study was conducted in 64 lower limbs at Government Stanley Medical College,Chennai and Government Mohan Kumaramangalam Medical College,Salem. Results: In 60 limbs, the sciatic nerve divided at superior angle of popliteal fossa. In 3 limbs,there was higher division at the level of upper part of the thigh. In 1 limb,there was intrapelvic

Read More
1002 Words | 5 Pages

Introduction The knee joint is most commonly involved in many sports injuries and as modern sport is being more and more competitive, more complex knee injury patterns are being recognized. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a very commonly involved ligament in these injuries.8 The knee joint is a large compound type of synovial joint. Due to the lack of bony support, stability of the joint is highly dependent on its supporting ligamentous structures, and therefore injuries of ligaments and menisci are extremely common especially in active individuals like athletes, labours and soldiers. Anterior cruciate ligament is an intra-articular, extra synovial structure present in the central complex of knee joint.

Read More
1025 Words | 5 Pages

The superior travels through the trochlea and then attaches to the top of the eye, it rotates the eye inward around the long axis of the eye and also has the ability to move the eye downward. The inferior begins in the front orbit by the nose and travels outward/backward before attaching to the bottom part of the eyeball. This muscle does what the one listed above and has the ability to move the eyeball outward in a front to back motion but can also move the eyeball upward (AAPOS). If there is any imbalance in these intricate muscles this is when we see the most common type of amblyopia arise. This imbalance can cause the

Read More
1425 Words | 6 Pages

The fibres first pass in a dorsomedial direction and then loop over the abducent nerve and produce a small round swelling in the floor of the 4th ventricle. The superior salivary and lacrimatory nuclei of the facial nerve are also present in the lower half of the of pons. These nuclei are small collections of cholinergic nerve cells in dorso-lateral reticular formation. The neuron of these two nuclei seems to be intermingled with each other.

Read More
769 Words | 4 Pages

And if the ciliary muscle is contracted, the diameter of this ring‐shaped muscle is decreased, and there is no more pulling action on the lens via the zonular fibers and therefore the focus is set to "near object". Although Helmholtz's theory has been widely accepted since 1855, its mechanism still remains controversial. Alternative theories of accommodation have been proposed by others, including L. Johnson, M. Tscherning, and Ronald A. Schachar. When the eye is viewing an object at a far distance (such that parallel rays of light are entering the eye), the ciliary muscle within the ciliary body relaxes. The ciliary processes pull on the suspensory ligaments (or zonules), which in turn pull on the lens capsule around its equator.

Read More

More about Analysis Of The Patellar Reflex

Related Topics

Open Document