Anatomy and physiology Assignment 1 of 3 Cell ultrastructure Light and Electron microscope uses light and electron microscopes are both used to see objects which cannot be seen with the naked eye, however the electron microscope has far more magnification levels; 0.2nm magnification 250,000 times, these allow you to see the ultrastructure of cell (Reid, 2017). A light microscope is an instrument that uses visible light and magnifying lenses to examine small objects not visible to the naked eye, or in finer detail than the naked eye allows (Alberts, B), Light microscopes magnify up to x1000 eye piece x10 objective x10, x40, x100, With these we can see the gross structure of cells, can be used to see small living organisms. Any objects smaller …show more content…
Animal cell organelles and their roles (powerpoint image) 1- Nucleolus- part of the nucleus which makes ribosomes. Produces ribosomal subunits from proteins and RNA also known as rRNA, they are then cent to the rest of the cell where they combine into complete ribosomes. 2- Nucleus – contains chromatin that contains DNA, which controls the activity of the cell, the nucleus is enclosed by a nuclear envelope Where DNA is stored, replicated and copied into RNA. 3- Ribosomes – bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, built from RNA and proteins that make new proteins, they consist of two subunits one smaller than the other. Ribosomes are made of equal parts of proteins and RNA. 4- Vesicle - composed of a lipid bilayer, used to move materials from one place to another, it too plays a role in metabolism and storage. 5- Rough endoplasmic reticulum – this manufactures and packages proteins. This is covered with bread like structures called ribosomes. 6- Golgi apparatus – modifies proteins and sends them to other parts of the cell. Consists of flattened membrane sacks called …show more content…
The mitochondria in the cells convert ADP into a useable form of energy: ATP. Cells gain energy by breaking down glucose during respiration, Glucose is broken down in many stages, tiny amounts of energy are produced and moved to ATP, the first stage of respiration is glycolysis, which takes place in the cytoplasm where glucose is split in pyruvate which needs the input of two ATP molecules (Reid 2017), in glycolysis the pyruvic acid molecules are reformed, three carbon pyruvic acid molecules convert to acetyl-CoA. The pyruvic acid molecule is broken down by an enzyme, and a carbon atom is freed producing carbon dioxide, and the two left over carbon atoms are combined with coenzyme A. This mixture makes acetyl-CoA. In the process, electrons and a hydrogen ion are transferred to NAD to form high-energy NADH. Following glycolysis, comes the Krebs cycle, also called the citric acid cycle which uses the two molecules of pyruvic acid made in glycolysis and yields high-energy molecules of NADH, FADH2 and some ATP. By the end of the Krebs cycle, the final product is oxaloacetic acid, and receives an additional acetyl-CoA molecule to begin another turn of the cycle. The Krebs cycle forms two ATP molecules, ten NADH molecules, and two FADH2 molecules. The