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Glycolysis Research Paper

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Glycolysis: To begin the process of harvesting the energy received from glucose, glycolysis first occurs. There are 10 steps involved in Glycolysis. The goal of glycolysis is to convert 1 glucose molecule to 2 Pyruvate molecules. Glucose + 2NAD+ + 2ADP + 2P 2 Pyruvate + 2NADH + 2ATP + 2H20 + 2H+ . Steps one to three is when the energy is invested. Steps four and five involve the glucose splitting into smaller molecules. Steps six to ten is when the energy is released in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) and NADH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide). In step one the enzyme Hexokinase uses the ATP to phosphorylate the glucose. This is an investment of energy. This is a crucuial part for the glucose as it is ready to be released for energy in a later stage. This step produces …show more content…

This step results in the formation of Glyceraldeyde 3-Phosphate. All the following steps occur twice, once for each molecule of Glyceraldeyde 3-Phosphate. These next steps are the energy generation steps. Step six starts off by the enzyme Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase. NAD is used to oxidise this enzyme. The resulting molecule is then connected to the enzyme by a high energy Thioester bond. The molecules inorganic phosphate displaces the bond which forms a high energy asoanhydryl bond which then forms 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate. In step seven, the enzyme Phospho-glycerate Kinase dephosphorylates the above product. High energy phosphate transferred ADP, forming ATP. A 3 carbon molecule, 3-Phosphoglycerate is formed. As this process occurs twice, a total of two ATP are created. Therefore the energy put into the first three steps is now paid back. Step eight sees the 3-Phosphoglycerate transformed by the enzyme Phoso-glycerate mutase into

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One molecule of ATP is generated for each molecule of acetyl-CoA that enters the cycle. Electron carries that are generated into glycoses and energy from CAC that creates large quantities of ATP. Electrons are used to pass through the chain and move five protons across the mitochondrial membrane cell against the proton. This will result I a force to make the ATP. 14.

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ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is made up of a nitrogenous base called adenine and three phosphate groups that are both attached to a ribose molecule. The three phosphates are all negatively charged, causing a repulsion between all the molecules- making ATP a loaded spring. When hydrolyzed, ATP loses an inorganic phosphate to create ADP (adenosine diphosphate). This makes the molecule more stable. Specific enzymes then help couple the energy and transfer a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule.

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The stomata are the most critical piece to this process, as this is where CO2 enters and can be stored, and where water and O2 exit. Cellular respiration also known as oxidative metabolism is important to convert biochemical energy from nutrients in the cells of living organisms to useful energy known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Without cellular respiration living organisms would not be able to sustain life. This process is done by cells exchanging gases within its surroundings to create adenosine triphosphate commonly known as ADT, which is used by the cells as a source of energy. This process is done through numerous reactions; an example is metabolic pathway.

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(n.d.). Cells use energy in order to grow, regulate metabolism and reproduce. This energy is obtained from a source such as food molecules or light from the sun, and through processes like glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, an energy-rich molecule is then created. The cell can then use the energy in the protein molecule to help it function. With the forgoing, we can see that cells utilization of energy is conditionality for the cells carry out their duties effectively and efficiently.

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Furthermore, after stating each step, I went into greater detail on what happens in each step of the pathways. I demonstrated this by stating the enzyme that are being reduced and oxidized in each step which can be seen in my uploaded video on live text. It was a challenge to condense the information of my pathways into a one-page summary, as a handout for my audience because there are so much cellular and metabolism activity happening in each step. However

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Cellular Respiration is a process that converts energy, like glucose, into carbon dioxide and water, that is necessary for the functions of life. Cellular Respiration also includes three stages: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain. Glycolysis, also known as Grell, noticed Larry the glucose and his ATP friends walk into his home, the Cytoplasm(glucose and 2 ATP go into the cytoplasm). Grell invited Larry and his friends to take a seat on a large chair.

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Similarly, the myristic acid product is converted back to the corresponding aldehyde by enzymes of a specific fatty acid reductase complex with ATP and NADPH as

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When something Metabolizes, it collects energy from itself and uses it.

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The pyruvate molecules that were created in glycolysis are then sometimes fermented into lactic acid. Lactic acid can be used to transform lactose into lactic acid, for example in the making of yoghurt. This process is also used in animal muscles when they require extra energy in their tissue in order to run faster than oxygen can be given. C6H12O6 (glucose) > 2CH3CHOHCOOHc*lactic acid) is the net equation for glucose to lactic acid.

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+ 7Pi The second part represents the seven cycles of condensation and reduction: Acetyl-CoA + 7 malonyl-CoA + 14NADPH + 14H+ -> Palmitate + 7CO2 + 8CoA + 14NADP+

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