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Associative Learning Theory

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Learning
What is learning?
Learning is formally defined as ‘relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience’ (Grieve, et al. 2005). This implies that when there is a change in behavior, we can see learning has taken place. In order for learning to take place, the behavior has to be relatively permanent and the result of an experience (Grieve, et al. 2005). Behavior may change temporarily due to illness, tiredness or decreased motivation but it is not a result of learning although it does show that there are factors that can affect behavior (Grieve, et al. 2005).

Behavior Modification
Associative learning
Associative learning is a learning principle that states that ideas and experiences reinforce each other and can be mentally linked …show more content…

2005. There are two kinds of punishment: Positive punishment, sometimes referred to as punishment by application, presents an unfavorable event or outcome in order to weaken the response it follows (Grieve, et al. 2005. Negative punishment, also known as punishment by removal, occurs when a favorable event or outcome is removed after a behavior occurs (Grieve, et al. 2005). In both of these cases of punishment, the behavior decreases. Skinner also discovered that when and how often behaviors were reinforced played a role in the speed and strength of attainment (Grieve, et al. …show more content…

2005). The acquisition of perceptual motor skills occurs in three phases: the cognitive stage, which focuses on understanding what is involved in the task; the associative stage, which focuses on practice; and the autonomous stage, which focuses on improvement of speed and accuracy (Grieve, et al. 2005).
Intellectual skills
Intellectual skills are learned (Grieve, et al. 2005). We learn by associating one thing with another, or by discriminating between different things (Grieve, et al. 2005). We form concepts to represent things and we learn rules for using the concepts to think and reason (Grieve, et al. 2005).
Social Learning
Social learning refers to learning through interacting with other people. It also shows that not all learning is formal (university etc) but also happens informally in everyday life (Grieve, et al. 2005). Many parents and teachers use operant social learning to encourage good behavior in children. We learn socially acceptable or desirable behavior through being rewarded and getting punished for bad behavior (Grieve, et al. 2005). Another way that social learning occurs is through observation, which is, imitating or watching the behaviors of other and observing the consequences of it. There are four components of observational learning which are attention, retention or memory, initiation or reproduction and motivation (Grieve, et al.

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Summary: Chapter 2 Chapter two dives into the concept of learning. As mentioned in the previous chapter, learning is the study of changes in behavior produced by experience, so when studying learning it is vital to examine how events in the environment change an individual’s behavior. Many scientists consider learning to be a natural phenomenon, they make their case based on four assumptions. The first assumption being that natural phenomena’s do not just happen, but instead they are caused as the result of some other event. The second assumption is that causes precede effects.

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Within this theory there are two types of punishments and two types of reinforcements. Positive reinforcement deals with the presentation of positive stimuli after an action. Negative reinforcement is when a negative stimulus is taken away. Positive punishment is when undesired consequences are attached to a certain behavior. Lastly, negative punishment is when desired consequences are removed such as material items.

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The social learning theory today is centered around four principal themes the first being differential association, which refers to the direct or indirect exposure to different behaviors in different social contexts. The impact of exposure depends highly on frequency, duration, intensity, and priority of different associations. The second theme is definitions which refers to attitudes, beliefs, values, and norms about a certain behavior learned indirectly or directly from specific social groups. The third theme of social learning theory is differential reinforcement or punishment which refers to the net balance of expected social and/or nonsocial rewards or costs associated with different behaviors.

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First, the Social Learning theory is defined as when people or in this case juveniles learn from each other from either observation, imitation, or modeling. The version of this theory

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That is, even teachers, parents and other elder family members can learn or understand how to apply social learning theory, for example, using reinforcement, punishment and modeling, to affect people’e behaviors by looking at related books.

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In support of his findings, Skinner eventually realized that human beings could not only respond also manage their environment to induce results. However, Skinner and Watson both repudiated that thinking or emotion plays a significant role in determining behavior. Instead, humans appear to learn many behaviors -including languages- through repetitions and positive or negative reinforcement. Scientifically speaking, behaviorism explains how learning takes place. When it is taken into account in the field of language teaching, it shows how languages are learned.

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