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Atkinson Shiffrin Theory

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Human memory is becoming a worldwide investigation in the fields of psychology. Atkinson-Shiffrin model suggests long term and short term memory. The model believes that long term memory is caused by several rehearsals such maintenance rehearsal, elaborative rehearsal, and distinctiveness. Similarly levels of processing—depth of processing, which involves shallow processing and deep processing—involve processes that influence memory. However, unlike Atkinson-Shiffrin model, levels of processing do not distinguish memory into short term and long term. The theory believes that elaborative rehearsal, or deep processing, improves long term memory. Craik and Lockhart (1972) proposed that deep level of processing led to longer lasting memory while …show more content…

24 participants were tested individually. 60 words—common five-letter nouns—were given to the subjects. Each structural, phonological, and semantic words had 10 yes and no questions. Structural questions asked if a word is in capital letter or in small letter. Phonological question asked if a word rhymes with the given word or not. Semantic question asked if a word fits into a blank provided in a sentence. The questions were presented auditorily. After each question, a word appeared for 200 msec after 2 seconds. The study used tachistoscope. Response latency to each yes or no question was recorded. Then the participants were unexpectedly given a recognition test. The test involved 180 words of which had 60 original words and 120 distractors. The participants were asked to recall the 60 original words from that list. The word recognition, which went through semantic level of analysis, increased to 81% in yes words and 49% in no …show more content…

The independent variable was measured by independent measures. Due to random sampling, 10 participants were in experiment condition, where they solved yes or no response questions in semantic level, and 10 participants were in controlled condition, where they did the same thing but answered questions in structural level. The number of words correctly being recalled from a word-list measured dependent variable. The hypothesis is one-tailed as it compares the number of words recalled from participants who went through semantic level of processing to the number of words recalled from participants who went through structural level of

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The following test was a picture that the client needed to explain in complete sentences what was happening in the picture. This was to test if she had anomic aphasia because she would need to know the names of the words to explain the picture. Afterward, the client needed to tell the clinician everything that she remembers about John F. Kennedy. This was to test if she remembers a historical event from her past. Then, the client was shown pictures with objects on them and needed to describe them using only one word.

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Atkinson, R. C., and Shiffrin, R. M. Some speculations on storage and retrieval processes in long-term memory. Technical Report 127, Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences, Stanford University, 1968. Thorndike, E. L. (1898). Animal intelligence: An experimental study of the associative processes in animals.

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Failure to encode a memory properly in our short-term memory can result in inaccurate long-term memories. Childhood amnesia is the inability of adults to retrieve

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It is also important for them to recognize them in order to improve their spelling. It is also important for the students to understand the rules of which letters silent letters follow or proceed so they can use their own knowledge to build words they are unsure of spelling. Words with silent letters have been used in efforts to uncover phonological involvement in visual recognition ( Corcoran, 1966 & Locke , 1978) Objective: Students will identify words with silent letters and use them in sentences.

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This supported the researcher’s premises, that associative priming strengthens links within the phonological system, and in doing so reduces discrepancies by encouraging spread activation. It also appears that the age difference in participant groups resulted in minor differences in correct responses, with younger adults performing better. This study was interesting, because it explored an interest in a fairly common yet widely underestimated cognitive mishap. Everyone has encountered a ‘tip of the tongue’ moment and been struck by its recovery at the most odd of moments later.

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Abrams’ (2008) explained the speech process is initiated by a nonverbal message, which is described as a general idea of what an individual wants to say. Subsequently, words are selected to translate the message, this is referred to as a lexical access. The lexical access is defined by two processes known as the lemma and phonology. The lemma contains the syntax, or the grammatical context of the word, in addition to the semantics, or meanings of the words. The sounds that form to create the word are known as the phonology of the word.

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A MANOVA was used to measure reading comprehension according to treatment group, grade, and time. In addition, Wilks’ lambda was applied to MANOVA in order to test whether there is a relationship between the independent and dependent variables. For example, “According to the MANOVA, there was a significant change in reading comprehension as a function of treatment group (Wilks' lambda = 11.25, p < .05)” (Lederer, 2000, p. 96). Also, Post Hoc Testing was used to indicate significant changes in the experimental group’s ability to answer assessment questions.

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The mental lexicon grows as we learn new words, and it is accessed every time we communicate, whether that be in the spoken mode or the written mode. A huge question that is asked by psycholinguists is: ‘how is the mental lexicon organised?’, and looking at Priming Experiments can help us to determine the answer to this question. Priming experiments are frequently used to find out more about the mental lexicon, in particular the

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There are 15 subtests that are distributed between these four domains. Of those subtests ten of them are core subtests and the other five tests are supplementary tests (Plake, 2005). The Verbal Comprehension index will measure verbal attention, concentration, and processing speed. Assessment for the Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) includes Similarities, Vocabulary, and Comprehension.

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The results showed that indeed the words at the semantic level of processing were remembered the best and the words of the structural level were memorized poorly. Nonetheless, it could be argued that the semantic level of processing would be different for all individuals depending on their background and life experiences, as perhaps some words are understood more widely than others. It also depends on the language used to present the words and if the language was the first, second or possibly even the third language of the

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The specific design of the LCA model provides an ideal framework for conceptualizing the basic mechanisms involved in making a lexical decision. The participants are provided with practice trials first and later for the main experiment, a list of words and non-words where they have to discriminate between the same. Where list of words and non-words is the same for both the participants. For the experimental group, the participants are provided with a distraction while performing the task where the words are presented at different locations in every

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The Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised assessed a student’s ability to read 42 isolated words in English for a maximum of 10 errors. The Word Attack

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By looking at The thinkers of the Enlightenment within the context of their own time, we can see that even having their ideas applied to just the elite was a success towards the democracy and equality for everyone. Before the Enlightenment, lives were dominated with religion: religious wars, discrimination against “other” faiths, and church and state was interconnected in many places. The Enlightenment movement stressed ideas such as logic and scientific thought. These ideas attacked and weakened the church, allowing room for new forms of high powers. Accordingly, ideas such as democracy rose from the Enlightenment movement, and, even though only wealthy males were given the right to participate, simply giving any group of the common masses

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If information stored in the short-term memory is not learned and given attention, it will decay over time (Schunk 2012, p. 183). The short-term memory has a small capacity, and large amounts of information cannot all be stored (Schunk 2012, p. 183). To make it esier, information can be shortened or broken up to fit it in the short-term memory (Schunk 2012, p. 183). Information that is used will be transferred into the long-term store/ long-term memory (Schunk 2012, p. 183). There are different strategies to strengthen the memory of information from short-term to long-term.

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Introduction According to information processing model, short term memory has a limited capacity to hold information (Atkinson & Shriffin, 1968). The span of short term memory is said to be limited to about seven items (+2) (Miller, 1956 as cited in Terry, 2000). Short-term memory is also an active memory where we do our active memory processing (Lefrancois, 2000). For this reason, several researches have called the short term memory the working memory store (Gordon, 1989).

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