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Behavioral Psychology: Classical And Operant Conditioning

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Behavioral psychologists have focused on the learning of associations through classical and operant conditioning. In this essay I will be explaining, how operant conditioning is learned between behaviors with their consequences. Behaviors are reinforced through positive and negative reinforcement and are more likely to happen again. As well as people are considered punished for the consequences to not occur again.
Both punishment and reinforcement can occur in a negative and positive form. Punishment is the process by which the probability of a response is decreased by the presentation of a punisher. A positive punishment is consider adding something you do not like. My 10-year-old son keeps making a mess outside when he is playing. Since I am trying to get him to learn to not make a mess, I make him mow the lawn when a …show more content…

I have recently decided to work harder on receiving “A’s” as class grades. I have observed a few friends who have excellent GPA scores to see what do they do to have good grades. I have learned that they study several times a week by their selves and in groups. They also make sure to read over assignments to understand exactly what needs to be completed. They are never late on any assignments and put time, effort and dedication in to every class. As I observed I now know how to follow their steps as guidance on how to prepare and exceed on all classes. I am also being observed by my 3-year-old son. As for anyone who has kids understand what they see is what they do. My son plays with his toys in our living room. When I say clean up time I used to sing a song as I would put up all his toys in a certain section of the room. I did it so many times that now all I have to say is “clean up” and he starts to sing the cleanup song and puts all his toys were they are supposed to be. As well he has observed me to wash my teeth every morning that now he does it on his

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Operant conditioning is a condition in which the desired behavior or increasingly closer to the approximations to it are followed by a rewarding or reinforcing stimulus. “The fundamental principle of operant conditioning is that behavior is determined by its consequences. Behavior does not occur as isolated and unrelated events; the consequences that follow the actions of an animal, be they good, bad, or indifferent, will have an effect on the frequency with which those actions are repeated in the future,” (Laule 2). A reinforcement strengthens a response, reinforcement

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2. **Operant Conditioning:** Proposed by B.F. Skinner, this

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For example, if someone exceeds the speed limit, and a cop presents them with a parking ticket, positive punishment has occurred. d. Negative punishment refers to punishment by stopping an action someone wants. For instance, taking a teenager’s phone away from them would exemplify negative punishment. 6. a. Continuous reinforcement refers to continually strengthening a response each time it happens.

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To best understand the theory discussed in this paper it is important to understand the psychological concepts behind it. Foremost, being the concepts of operant and classical conditioning (CC), which stem from learning and behavioral psychology. CC is most likely the simplest form of psychological conditioning. Whereas operant conditioning (OC) is a bit more complex. Studies show that CC, however, can be used to support the theory presented on how psychological conditioning can lead to addictive behaviors.

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It is necessary to consider all factors when diagnosing an individual, as a behavioral perspective we have observed that classical conditioning (associative learning) was presented. In the movie we can see that Pat associated his wedding song to the incident which causes him to break down emotionally. When Pat came home from work the day he walked in on his wife having an affair, his wedding song was playing. He believed that his wife was doing something nice for him and instead he was negatively impacted by the images he saw and the response he approached the scenario causing him to assault the history teacher. This is a form of classical conditioning because now every time he hears his wedding song he becomes frustrated where he throws things

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The behavior I chose to remove by operant conditioning was biting and picking my nails and the skin around my nails. This behavior consists of biting my nails, biting the skin surrounding my nails, and picking at the skin surrounding my nails. I group these behaviors together because I often do them simultaneously. For simplicity's sake, I will refer to the behavior as nail biting/picking; this term will include the act of biting my nails, and picking and biting the skin around my nails. I chose this behavior because when I pick or bite the skin around my nails, my cuticles become messed up look bad and are occasionally painful.

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My first topic will be over classical conditioning and learning by association. Classical conditioning is defined as learning that occurs when a stimulus elicits a response that was originally caused by another stimulus. One example I can think of in my life is marching band, and the various stimuli we are exposed to. Before we start the, season, we have to go through band camp, where we begin the acquisition, which is the phase of learning where a response is established. An example of this will be when we are called to attention.

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What is behaviorism? Behaviorism is theory of learning that relies on an observable behavior that are based on two different types of conditioning, one is the Classical Condition and the other is Behavioral Conditioning. In Classical Condition, also known as Pavlovian Conditioning, the theory is that the brain forms an automatic response through an association with a stimulus. Whereas in Operant Condition, a positive and negative reinforcement is used to create an association between opposing behaviors and the consequences for those behaviors. Though both are different in terms of conditioning, they each help us understand the way we learn and emotional response to certain subjects.

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Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a neutral stimulus attains the ability to make a response produced originally by a different stimulus, and emotions are able to be classically conditioned. This is called a conditioned emotional response. It is where an emotion, either positive or negative, is felt when experiencing a stimulus that was accompanied by either a pleasant or painful event. An example of a classically conditioned emotion would be connecting the smell of a certain aftershave with pain which would then cause anxiety. For example, going to the dentist and smelling a certain aftershave while experiencing pain during a procedure will connect the two, and if the procedure is done multiple times, the emotion that is being

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Operant conditioning is a behavior learning that influenced and controlled by consequences. Learning behaviors in operant conditioning are made through rewards and punishment with the result of a change in behaviors. B. F. Skinner created the phrase operant conditioning. However, his work is utilized from another psychologist, Edward Thorndike law of effect. Skinner input four kinds of consequences, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment and negative punishment.

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Classical conditioning is conditioning a reflex to occur to when an unrelated, or neutral, stimulus is applied. This is often done through repetition of a single action or set of actions over a period of time. Classical conditioning consists of the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), unconditioned response (UCR), conditioned stimulus (CS), neutral stimulus (NS) and the conditioned response (CS). As a personal example of this I will bring up my cat, Evie. When I arrive home and shut the car door Evie, from wherever she may be, runs not to me but to the front door and becomes excited, the same way she reacts when she actually sees/receives food.

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Classical conditioning bases on the notion of Associate learning by gaining interest on the behavioral learning relationship between stimulus and responses (Reaction). For example, the relationship between stimulus and responses begins with a stimuli incites the response (Rathus, 2007, p. 128). Furthermore, the response incites another stimulus and the two stimuli are associated with each other (Rathus, 2007, p. 128). - First, when observing an individual or group behavior based on Classical conditioning through positive reinforcement, my observation is based on how children react when the recess school bell rings. The first stimulus from the children begins with the recess school bell rings, which incites the children to line-up by the classroom

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During classical conditioning, organisms learn to associate events and stimuli that repeatedly happen together. Classical conditioning is something that we experience throughout our lives on a daily basis. For example, one form of classical conditioning is taste aversion. I had an experience with taste aversion when I ate spaghetti and felt ill and nauseous afterwards. Though I had the stomach flu and it had nothing to do with the food I ate, I still associated spaghetti with that feeling of nausea.

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Pavlov carried out his famous experiment with dogs to come up with the concept of classic conditioning. This concept describes that usually a stimulus is able to produce a natural response. However, it is possible to produce the same response with conditioning and training. This principle can be used in humans to train them to stay away from the negatives while reinforcing positivity (Clark, 2004). Skinner worked on the concept of Watson, who described that personality is completely controlled by behavioural training and does not have to do anything with universal archetypes or natural needs of sexuality.

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Eventually, the previously neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response without the presence of the naturally occurring stimulus. The two elements are then known as the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response. 2. Operant conditioning Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that

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