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Blood Glucose Lab Report

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2.
Blood glucose concentrations are around 4.5mmol/L due to homeostasis’ negative feedback loop. When 75g glucose is ingested, the glucose concentration in extra-cellular fluid(ECF) increases. Glucose sensing occurs at β-cells on the pancreas, which have GLUT2 insulin independent transport proteins on their cell membrane. Glucose enters the β-cell down a concentration gradient from the ECF to the intra-cellular fluid(ICF), through the GLUT2 proteins. This glucose is completely oxidised in mitochondria to glucose-6-phosphate, by the rate-limiting enzyme glucokinase, through glycolysis. This glucose increase causes a shift in ATP/ADP ratio, using up ADP as it’s phosphorylated to ATP, causing the potassium ATP-ase pump on the cell membrane …show more content…

Binding causes auto-phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in the receptor protein, and the receptor interacts with insulin receptor substrate molecules in the cell. These are phosphorylated, interact with phosphatidylinositols, and this carries on the signalling cascade via PI3 kinase which activates translocation of vesicles containing pre-formed GLUT4 proteins from within the cell to the cell membrane, where they fuse to it, becoming incorporated, increasing the cell membrane’s permeability to glucose. Glucose then moves down the concentration gradient through the GLUT4 transport protein, decreasing blood glucose concentration, causing the stimulus for insulin release to decrease so insulin levels decrease, terminating receptor signals. Once blood glucose concentration has returned to a normal range, due to negative feedback, the membrane containing GLUT4 proteins pinches off into vesicles and endocytoses, reinternalizing membrane-bound GLUT4, to prevent more glucose entering the cell. This processes net effect is that insulin allows insulin-sensitive tissues to increase cellular glucose uptake during increase blood glucose concentrations, therefore decreasing blood glucose

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