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Carbohydrates Metabolism

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Carbohydrate metabolism: How a diet rich in energy-dense foods can lead to type 2 diabetes The human body is constantly required to carry out basic functions such as walking, talking and breathing and to do so it requires energy. Carbohydrates are obtained through the diet and convert glucose, from food sources, into energy needed to power the human body. In general, energy is produced via four complex stages however, they have been briefly summarised below: Digestion: Begins in the mouth (carbohydrates are party digested by salivary enzymes). Passes through the stomach (gastric juices break down food such a proteins). Reaches small intestine (main site for digestion of carbohydrates). Acetyl group formation: Occurs in cytosol and mitochondria. Small molecules from digestion are oxidized and produce Acetyl CoA and enzymes NADH and FADH_2 (Stoker, 2013). Citric Acid Cycle: Occurs in mitochondria. Acetyl CoA oxidized to produce energy. Energy released by reactions carried by NADH and FADH_2 to electron transport chain (Stoker, 2013). Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation: Occurs in mitochondria. NADH and FADH_2 catalyze ATP production (primary energy carriers in metabolic pathways) (Stoker, 2013). In carbohydrate digestion and absorption, the following processes occur: …show more content…

One example of a metabolic process is Glycolysis. This process converts glucose (from dietary sources) into two molecules of pyruvate and produces ATP and the coenzyme NADH (Stoker, 2013). The process of converting glucose to pyruvate is called Oxidation and is an anaerobic process, which means it does not require oxygen input to function. Low energy foods (hot chips) inhibit glycolysis as they produce a high concentration of ATP (Stoker, 2013). High levels of ATP can change enzyme activity and may inhibit important enzymes in the liver (Berg et al,

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The ability to carry out metabolic processes, or the chemical activity that occurs in all living organisms, is essential to maintaining life. The total metabolism of an organism is made up of anabolic and catabolic pathways. Anabolic pathways expend energy to build important molecules. On the other hand, catabolic pathways release energy to break down important molecules. The energy found in in these pathways is from respiration.

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Many organisms use energy to perform their cellular functions. That energy comes from the energy that is stored in food then converted to adenosine triphosphate or ATP. ATP can be obtained with or without oxygen, aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide (CO2) as a by-product while anaerobic respiration produces Ethanol (C2H6O) or Lactic acid (C3H6O3). In aerobic respiration the “CO2 produced during cellular respiration can combine with water to produce carbonic acid.”

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In this process NADH become NAD+.

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The stomata are the most critical piece to this process, as this is where CO2 enters and can be stored, and where water and O2 exit. Cellular respiration also known as oxidative metabolism is important to convert biochemical energy from nutrients in the cells of living organisms to useful energy known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Without cellular respiration living organisms would not be able to sustain life. This process is done by cells exchanging gases within its surroundings to create adenosine triphosphate commonly known as ADT, which is used by the cells as a source of energy. This process is done through numerous reactions; an example is metabolic pathway.

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In cellular respiration, your body uses glucose and oxygen in a process to make energy. The glucose is split in the cytoplasm of your cell, then its atoms go through a complex process which turns them into ATP, a useable energy source for your body. ATP can either be used, or stored in lipids for long term use. Lipids are one of the most diverse macromolecules because of the many functions they can perform. They make up a cell membrane, so without them, there would be no humans, they also can be used as a long term energy storage in the form of fat.

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The amount of carbs in the body at one time is limited so the body tries to use them up quickly. This is generally in the form of glucose, whether it is naturally glucose, or converted into glucose. Carbs cause secretions of insulin which is what makes your body able to digest these sugars in the first place. The body produces the necessary amount of insulin in order to digest each sugar. The glucose is then transformed into energy either with oxygen or without it.

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Carbohydrates turn into glucose in your body. You need the hormone insulin to unlock the doors of your cells to let the glucose in. When insulin is released it also signals your body to store fat. So too many carbs can put your body in a state where it want to store fat - and not burn it. Protein and fat do not need insulin to get into your cells.

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During exercise, the quickest way to obtain energy (ATP) is through phosphocreatine reserves, but it does not last long enough compared to the others. The following metabolic process is anaerobic oxidation of carbohydrates. Blood glucose or glycogen are used to get glucose-6-phosphate and by glycolysis pyruvate is obtained and this is coverted to acetyl CoA for Krebs Cycle, to obtain ATP. In order to maintain a high level of glycogen storage and maintain it during exercise, diet must be high in carbohydrate.

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Carbohydrates are not only for competition time. They are an essential ingredient for making your life healthier and

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Then, tests are performed to determine if the products of aerobic and anaerobic respiration are present in the flasks. The citric acid cycle consists of a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of ATP (Biology). The tests detect the presence of carbon dioxide and ethanol. Carbon dioxide should be present irrespective of the type of respiration taking place, but ethanol is present only if fermentation has occurred. Another factor that can indicate whether fermentation occurred or cellular respiration occurred is the amount of glucose utilized during incubation.

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The digestion of lipids is initiated when the ingested lipids disperse as a fine emulsion in the GI fluids. This is followed by hydrolysis of the lipids by lipase enzymes which subsequently form digestion products. These digestion products

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Carbohydrate Carbohydrates usually serve three kinds of purposes: they usually function as a primary energy source, spare protein and initiate fat metabolism. During my weight gaining diet researches, I found out that carbohydrates can be attained in two ways. These are sugars that are usually dissolves in fruit starches and those that are changed into glucose, prior to being used by the body. Carbohydrate deficiency can cause protein loss, weight loss and fatigue.

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Role of Enzymes in Metabolic Pathways Summary Metabolic pathways are a sequences of steps found in biochemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is the substrate for the next reaction [3]. Metabolic pathways most likely happen in specific locations in the cell. The control of any metabolic process depends on control of the enzymes responsible for the reactions occur in the pathways. After food is added to the body, molecules in the digestive system called enzymes break proteins down into fats into fatty acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates into simple sugars (for example, glucose). Enzymes plays an important role in the different metabolic pathways [5].

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The pyruvate molecules that were created in glycolysis are then sometimes fermented into lactic acid. Lactic acid can be used to transform lactose into lactic acid, for example in the making of yoghurt. This process is also used in animal muscles when they require extra energy in their tissue in order to run faster than oxygen can be given. C6H12O6 (glucose) > 2CH3CHOHCOOHc*lactic acid) is the net equation for glucose to lactic acid.

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Basically, catabolism is the energy-releasing mechanism, and anabolism is the energy-absorbing and storing mechanism. Together, they form a healthy

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