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Circuit Courts Dbq

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It was the Presidential election of 1800 where Thomas Jefferson won against John Adams. Around this time, Congress had passed the Judiciary Act of 1801. This act altered the Judiciary Act of 1789 in establishing ten new district courts. This was to expand the number of circuit courts from three to six, add additional judges to each circuit, and give the President the authority to appoint Federal judges and justices of the peace. This act also reduced the number of Supreme Court justices from six to five.
On March 3, Adams, in an attempt to prevent the incoming Democratic-Republican Congress and administration, appointed 16 Federalist circuit judges and 42 Federalist justices of the peace to offices created by the Judiciary Act of 1801. There …show more content…

Madison, the Constitution called for the creation of a federal government with the following three branches which include the legislative, executive, and judiciary. Article I created Congress, the legislative, lawmaking, body. Article II created the office of the President, who executes, or carries out, the laws. Article III created the federal court system that consist of one Supreme Court and other lower courts.
The meaning of Article III was left open to interpretation. In 1789, shortly after the Constitution was ratified, Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789, which established the federal court system. Congress created a Supreme Court, three circuit courts, and 13 district court, one district court for each of the 13 states.
The Constitution was not specific about the number of justices that could be appointed to the Supreme Court. Through the Judiciary Act, Congress provided for a Chief Justice and five Associate Justices. The Constitution and Congress left the extent of the Court's power not clear. The powers would slowly be defined through the Court's explanation of the …show more content…

This was so that the Judicial branch once again operated under the orders of the original Judiciary Act of 1789. It also replaced the court's two annual sessions with one session to begin on the first Monday in February, and canceled the Supreme Court term scheduled for June of that year, 1802. This tried to delay a ruling on the constitutionality of the repeal act until months after the new judicial system was in progress.
Early Chief Justices had a very little influence on the management of the Supreme Court. But John Marshall, who served from 1801 to 1835, impacted the action of the Supreme Court in ways still felt in the United States today.During the early years when Marshall was appointed Chief Justice, there was an insignificant case that came about the Supreme Court. However, it was that case, Marbury v. Madison, that became one of the most important Supreme Court decisions in United States

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1121 Words | 5 Pages

Supreme Court. On that same day, President Washington Sent a letter to congress, with the names of a chief and five justice associates and one of those associates was John Blair. The appointment came as a surprise to John Blair when he heard that he was an associate pick for the U.S. Supreme Court. But John Blair accepted it and resigned from the Virginia Supreme Court, to join the U.S. Supreme Court. Later Washington explained to Attorney General Edmund Randolph why he chose those people and said that the establishment of the New Supreme Court required “the selection of the fittest characters that would be able to expound law and the dispense of justice.”

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209 Words | 1 Pages

The purpose of the Constitution was to establish a central government authorized to deal directly with individuals rather than states and to incorporate a system of checks and balances that would preserve the fundamental concepts contained in the Magna Carta, that is, to limit the power of the government. The first three articles of the Constitution establish the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government and the country’s system of checks and balances. The balance of power was established vertically through the separation of power between the federal government and the states and laterally through the three branches. In the supremacy clause, the constitution declared itself the supreme law of the land. The U.S. Constitution

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652 Words | 3 Pages

This was placed in effect to protect the people and to build and maintain confidence in the people with whom he worked with, including the nation. Congress provided an order for Federal Court in 1798. The Judiciary Act created a Supreme Court and 13 district courts who reviewed decisions made by State courts. Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton both has served with great pride during the Revolution. Although they both had conflicting beliefs, they both served with distinction.

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442 Words | 2 Pages

Adams Appoints Marshall In Adams Appoints Marshall by Gordon S. Wood the thesis is how John Marshall saved the Court’s Independence and made possible its vast-raging role today. “Many Jurists and constitutional scholars stand for the 1803 ruling in the case of Marbury v. Madison to be in most precedent case in the early republic,” (86). This would not have happen if John Marshall was not appointed. John Marshall’s campaign goal was to not only to save the courts role in interpreting the constitution but its dependence as well.

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418 Words | 2 Pages

NAME OF THE CASE: Marbury v Madison 1803 VOTE: The vote count was 4-0 BASIC FACTS OF THE CASE: In March of 1801, William Marbury (along with many others being appointed to government posts) was appointed to be a Justice of the Peace near the end of Adams administration of the presidency. Being a member of the Federalist Party, John Adams tried to appoint as many Federalists into the cabinet.

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934 Words | 4 Pages

The election of 1800 was a close race between President John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, the Democratic-Republican Vice President seeking his own term as President. As the election progressed, Adams appointed several Federalist judges to the judiciary. This became known as the “Midnight Judges” (John Adams 4). Jefferson resented these appointments and saw them as a threat towards his presidency. Adams was the first “presidents not to attend the inauguration of his successor.

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931 Words | 4 Pages

Facts of the Case: (Approximately 200 words) The case to place on March 2, 1801, when William Marbury was designated as a justice of the peace in the District of Columbia. Marbury and several others were appointed to government post created by Congrees during the end of John Adam’s term as President. President John Adams named forty-two justices of the peace and sixteen new circuit court justices for the District of Columbia under the Organic Act. The Organic Act was an attempt by the Federalists to take control of the federal judiciary before Thomas Jefferson took office.

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556 Words | 3 Pages

In Marbury v. Madison (1803) it was announced by the Supreme Court for the very first time, that if an act was deemed inconsistent with the constitution then the court was allowed to declare the act void. Thomas Jefferson’s secretary of state, James Madison, denied William Marbury of his commission. President John Adams appointed William Marbury the justice of peace for the District of Columbia during his last day in office. Madison denied Marbury of this commission because he believed that because it was not issued before the termination of Adams presidency, that it was invalid. Marbury himself started a petition, along with three others who were in a similar situation.

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864 Words | 4 Pages

One of the things Marshal did in the decision was scold Jefferson and his cabinet. He did this by writing that Marbury was treated poorly because his commission was illegally retained and he should have been given it when asked for. Marbury won Jefferson and his cabinet, but there was much more to this decision. Chief Justice Marshall also decided that the Supreme Court did not have power in this Case. Marshall said that the law which expanded the Judiciary was unconstitutional.

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796 Words | 4 Pages

Weeks before Jon Adams’ term as president of the United States was coming to an end, he signed the Judiciary Act of 1801. This act was Adams’ way of altering and reorganizing the Supreme Court in his favor before leaving office. With this act, he appointed sixteen circuit judges and forty-two Federalist justices. These justices were called midnight judges because they were appointed up until the last hour of Adam’s presidency, which ended March 4, 1801. He did this as a last-minute effort to ensure that members of his political party would have powerful positions in government.

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974 Words | 4 Pages

This was the power of federal courts to cancel out the acts of Congress that was in conflict with the Constitution. The decision was written out by Chief Justice John Marshall. This decision played a main role in creating the Supreme Court as a separate branch of government with the executive and Congress. Marbury was not the only one who was supposed to receive a commission. Before, President John Adams had named 42 justices of the peace.

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304 Words | 2 Pages

Patrick Shannon In the election of 1800, Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-Republican party beat John Adams and the Federalists. John Adams appointed a lot of justices of peace and circuit court justices for the District of Columbia on the last day that he would be president. This was an attempt by the Federalists to take command of the federal judiciary before the Democratic-Republican party’s leader, Thomas Jefferson, could take office. Thomas Jefferson ordered James Madison to not deliver the requests of Adams.

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509 Words | 3 Pages

Federal Judges and Supreme Court Justices The process for electing a federal judge is both a simple, yet complicated one. A number of things take place between the need for a nominee and the appointment to a position. The basis for the nomination and appointment of federal judges and Supreme Court Justices is the Appointments Clause (Article II, Section 2, Clause 2) of the United States Constitution: “The President...shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law....” First a vacancy must be present at which time the President can make a nomination.

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1561 Words | 7 Pages

The first article of the Constitution says "ALL legislative powers...shall be vested in a Congress." The second article then reads "the executive power...in a President." The third article gives the "judicial power of the United States in one Supreme Court" and "in such inferior Courts as the Congress...may establish."

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478 Words | 2 Pages

The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court at the time was Chief Justice John Marshall, and he declared that this whole process of delivering commissions for judges, the Judiciary Act, was unconstitutional. The Supreme Court declared this act illegal, because it gave the Supreme Court a power that they were forbidden to have. This is when the first law was declared unconstitutional and judicial review came into

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