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Clive Wearing Anterograde Amnesia

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The overall memory process involves retaining, retrieving, and using information learned after the original information is no longer there. There are different types of memory, including short-term memory, working memory, and long-term memory. Clive Wearing, who was a famous conductor in London and played the piano (he is still able to play) suffered from issues with long-term memory. Clive was diagnosed with the herpes simplex or cold virus, which resulted in brain damage to his hippocampus. As learned in class, the hippocampus plays a vital role in both memory and learning. Short-term memory or working memory is referred to as the use of mental effort inward, meaning briefly holding information in consciousness for a short period of time. …show more content…

The documentary explained that every moment is a “first moment” because his amnesia gets rid of things immediately after they happen. The type of amnesia referenced above can be described as anterograde amnesia. Anterograde amnesia occurs after the damage has already taken place and causes an encoding deficit. This encoding deficit results in the inability for the individual to code new information and form new explicit memories. Clive’s “first moment” being every moment suggests that there is a deficit in transforming information from short-term memory to long-term memory. that an individual with this brain injury has issues with short-term or working memory. Therefore, if I had the same type of hippocampus brain injury, I would not be able to get information I just learned from my short-term memory (from the phonological loop, episodic buffer, and visuospatial sketchpad to the long-term memory) to my long-term memory so that I could recall and use this information for later use. A good example of this is I would not be able to effectively read the textbook to prepare for class, as I would not remember what I read prior to making sense of the

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At the time the physician removed parts of his hippocampus as a way to stop his seizures. HM seizures went away, but he could not form any new memories. However, one form of memory left intact in both HM and Leonard is the ability to learn skills. This ability is known as procedural memory, a memory that is shown by performance rather than by conscious recollection (Kalat, 1998), it allows us to learn how to do things such as ride a bike or play an instrument. The areas of the brain outside of the hippocampus are involved in procedural memory, which is why an injury that results in anterograde amnesia doesn't affect procedural memory.

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Clive Wearing was a prolific British musical conductor and producer for BBC. He was a wildly intelligent and successful person. It came as a surprise to himself and his family when unexpectedly suffered a loss of consciousness. The type of memory loss that Clive Wearing has is retrograde and anterograde amnesia. He is unable to retain new memories; he is also unable to unearth past memories to his consciousness as well.

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Anterograde amnesia means that Clive is not able to storing new memories anymore. Anything happens to him will fade away in 7 seconds, without any trace. He doesn’t know the date, doesn’t know where he lives, and he doesn’t know the name of his children. He doesn’t know his age, he couldn’t ably to read or watch a movie anymore, he doesn’t know where he came from and where he belongs, because what happened will be lost immediately. He gets lost on the street, he doesn’t know his way home.

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There is lots of evidence for this model. For example, Baddeley and Hitch asked participants to perform a dual task technique where they had to repeat a list of numbers and a verbal reasoning task which required them to answer true or false to various questions. They found that the larger the amount of numbers in the tasks, participants took longer to answer the reasoning questions, but only fractions of a second longer. Also they did not make any more errors in the verbal reasoning tasks as the number of digits increased. Therefore, the verbal reasoning task made use of the central executive and the digit span task used the phonological loop, showing that there are is more than one system in short term memory, and this allows different tasks to be performed at once.

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Memory; the faculty by which the brain stores important information. We use our memory in many different ways. Before technology existed, people relied on their memory to remember everything. However as technology developed and became more advanced, it brought ease on us because now, instead of remembering everything, we have multiple resources to assist us in this. When trying to remember important information for a test or trying to remember a poem that you have to recite by memory, the classic method used is repetition.

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Essentially, it is the knowledge of how to do certain things. Clive experiences this in his ability to play the piano. Even though he isn't able to remember experiences of playing music, his tactile knowledge of the keys and ability to read music remains within his memory. While the longterm and shorter memory were largely affected by the destruction of the Hippocampus the procedural memory is a type of implicit memory and the part of the brain that was destroyed by the encephalitis was not necessary for implicit memory, but more so for explicit. Abilities like playing the piano, riding a bike, and walking would not necessarily be stored in the long term memory but in the areas surrounding it, like the motor cortex.

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In sensory memory, in order to keep the new information that we had just learned, we must rehearse it. If we attend to this information, it is then stored in our short term memory. In contrast, short term memory is whatever we are thinking about at any given time and has a relatively fast input and retrieval. However, Miller (1956) argued that human short term memory only has a span of seven items, plus or minus two. Also, he argued that that we can hold this information unrehearsed up to thirty seconds.

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This is what other researchers have thought of too, and therefore a conclusion was made that additional processes have been taking place as well. Another strength is that there is neuropsychological evidence for this model as a patient, HM (Milner, 1966) underwent surgery which impaired his hippocampus and in turn affected his long-term memory as it no longer functioned properly, whereas his short-term memory was rather functional. Due to this we can conclude that these two processes are involved in the process of memory, as one of the stores was affected when the brain was damaged but the other was not (Baddeley, 2009).

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If information stored in the short-term memory is not learned and given attention, it will decay over time (Schunk 2012, p. 183). The short-term memory has a small capacity, and large amounts of information cannot all be stored (Schunk 2012, p. 183). To make it esier, information can be shortened or broken up to fit it in the short-term memory (Schunk 2012, p. 183). Information that is used will be transferred into the long-term store/ long-term memory (Schunk 2012, p. 183). There are different strategies to strengthen the memory of information from short-term to long-term.

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Introduction According to information processing model, short term memory has a limited capacity to hold information (Atkinson & Shriffin, 1968). The span of short term memory is said to be limited to about seven items (+2) (Miller, 1956 as cited in Terry, 2000). Short-term memory is also an active memory where we do our active memory processing (Lefrancois, 2000). For this reason, several researches have called the short term memory the working memory store (Gordon, 1989).

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One famous case of amnesia supporting Squire's view is patient H.M. (Scoville & Milner, 1957), who had parts of his left and right temporal lobe, hippocampus, amygdala and surrounding areas of both removed. He developed severe anterograde amnesia, the inability to learn new information, resulting in an almost completely absent short-term memory storage. He also had moderate retrograde amnesia, unable to remember information between 3 to 11 years prior to his surgery, but with other long-term memories unaffected. Explaining this, Squire argued that memories are consolidated in the hippocampus, easily disrupted by trauma during this. They become less dependent on the hippocampus with time, eventually being stored in the neocortex (Alvarez &

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