Egypt, as one of the four ancient civilizations, has always raised people’s interests in its mysterious history. Owing to the limited quantity of archaeological evidence, conflict theories have been raised to argue the state formation of Egypt. After reading couple theories, I formed a personal mind of view how Egypt was united. I will discuss the formation of Egypt in three main parts: specialized craft production,trade and administration. Overall, the unification of Egypt into a territorial state took a long period of time and was a multi-linear process.
Pottery manufacturing, one of the earliest evidence for specialized craft production, was standardized among households in southern Egypt. With the high pottery demand, potters had the viability and opportunity to establish their own industries and supply ceramic wears to markets and surrounding areas. A number of highly skilled flint knives and other well manufactured tools that had been excavated during the same time period indicates that numerous other industries developed along with the pottery industries.
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When talking about Egypt civilization, it is hard to deny the great contribution of the Nile River. The annual regular inundation provided not only rich fertile soils for farming and animal husbandry, but it is also the most necessary resources for trade transportation. Upper and Lower Egypt were connected by trade through the Nile River. Consequently, it is not surprising to see Upper Egypt crafts appear in Lower Egypt. To some extent, trade, one of the three reasons for urbanization, played an increasingly important role in bringing the two regions of Egypt closer. Crediting to the interregional exchange networks, the regional centers became more densely populated during the late Chalcolithic